Theoretical Empty Spaces and Mistakes in Chinese and Western Medicine

background 

following the western learning introduced into China?Western medicine and Chinese medicine also unfolded a fierce sectarian dispute, and reached one climax after another, and never stopped. Starting from 2006, this kind of dispute underwent once again a high tide and some scholars even again proposed to abolish the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Although both of the two medicine ideas believed their own theoretical system quite perfect and superior to the other’s, they could not completely convincing the other side. It only resulted in being equally matched and an outcome uncertain, and both of them were stll not satisfied each other. To the same human body, the two medical schools stick to their own arguments and there is no unified interpretation, itself has exposed both of them are not so perfect. What and why actually are their imperfections? To take this further on the existing conditions, we can discover there are their own empty spaces and mistakes in Western medicine and TCM. 

?. Western medicine 

Due to the rapid integration of modern scientific and technological achievements and easy-to-understand, as well as the outstanding contributions in overcoming the bacterial infection, particularly in the large-scale prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, and in surgery, Western medicine obtained a considerable development in the modern age, and occupied the major position at present in the entire medical fields. However, with the long-term clinical practice and observation of curative effect, its side effects were found increasing and more and more apparent. In the face of many modern diseases, modern medicine is also facing a very embarrassing, and there was a relatedness in the more the modern medicine developed the more modern diseases emerged one after another incessantly. Therefore, people began to rethink the modern medicine. In 2006, Mr. Wu Qingzhong, a Taiwan scholar, published a book “Manual of Human Body”, which was very popular in China. By comparing various aspects of Western and Chinese medicine, the author pointed out that the modern medical “problem would certainly not be as simple as not to find new drugs, and it is very possible there are problems in the basic thinking logic of modern medicine or in the direction of the most fundamental development(1)”. His views represented the more systematic and higher level in rethinking the modern medicine. 

In the West, more and more people have also found that a number of shortcomings of modern medicine, even had some resisting for its side-effects in taking medicine. Some countries and international regulations have also carried out some restriction and prohibition. 

Integrating today's research achievements, we would find from its theory there exists its obvious empty space and mistake in the modern medicine. 

1, Theoretical empty space—meridian acupoints 

In the TCM theory and practice, meridian acupoints occupy a special position. According to TCM theory, meridians are responsible for transportation of the nourishing essential substances as “Qi”, “Blood”, and “Jin Ye”. They are the horizontal channels connecting with all zang-fu organs. Acupoints, which are able to be breathing along with the lungs (However, what they breathe is not the air, but materials, energies and informations, which were called as “Qi” by the TCM), are open to the nature, and are the vertical channels responsible for the communication in vivo with in vitro. Their functions are extremely important, and are an important part of the TCM theory. The TCM has a long history to diagnose and treat diseases by meridians and acupoints and the curative effect is significant. Its acupuncture derived from meridian acupoints has been recognized by all countries in the world. In November 1989, the World Health Organization deliberated with international standard and adopted the scientific names of Fourteen-channels and 409 names of extra points, and therefore had admitted the existence of meridians and acupoints. For many years, the Western medical circles have been suspicious of meridians and acupoints for not having a strong support of anatomical data, but in 1998 the meridians have been proved by modern molecular biotechnology with anatomy at home, and subsequently in 2005, the discovery of capillaries paralleling to the meridians and tissue fluid able to flow directionally further confirmed the existence of the human meridians(2). In this connection, the two articles “Cognition of Life (1) and (2)” had a special exploration from the theoretical inevitability to the objective reality. Their existence are objective. It is an indisputable fact. 

Since the human meridians are an objective existence, it is also a fact that they have not been reflected and applied in the theory of the modern medical system. The lack of this theoretical empty space also is an indisputable objective existence. 

2. Mistake—function of normal micro-organisms in vivo

Since the discovery of micro-organisms (1676) was a history of only over 300 years, furthermore to observe them only by means of a micro-scope, and their research is limited to a very small social groups, their discovery and research were far from deep level, and even the micro-organisms were not given a reasonable position in the biosphere (that is, micro-organisms play a medium role in the material transformation in nature and in vivo). Therefore, the relevant disciplines of life sciences basically only added the microbial action to their own original theory system, and did not cause a corresponding profound change. 

At first, micro-organisms came in the capacity of pathogens, and so all of them were treated as pathogeny and people would turn pale at the very mention of them. Therefore, the modern medicine absorbed and applied them in the prevention and cure of virus and bacterial infections, and used an unitary confrontation to all of them. With the constant discovery of micro-organisms and the gradual deepening of research, the modern medicine recognized the effect of normal intestinal flora to human health and also put forward the concept of pathogenic micro-organisms and normal micro-organisms in vivo, but it only spoke of them superficially and did not have a serious differentiation between them in the medical practice, even not deepen the understanding that the normal micro-organisms would participate the material transformation in vivo and still continued an all-out confrontation on the whole. The essential reason to continue this all-out confrontation is what the modern medicine followed is still the traditional idea that the enzymes derive from the self-synthesis, which is the traditional theory that the ingestive materials could be directly transformed into the body materials. This does not conform to the essence of microorganic function, but is an extremely serious mistake.

 In the article “Cells Suffering Hunger”, micro-organisms were discovered to be a necessary key element in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro(3),. and there is a theoretical empty space or mistake in the material transformation in vivo in the traditional medicine. In the article “Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Micro-organisms”, on the basis of a great deal of data analysis, proposed the biological enzymes originating from micro-organisms and micro-organisms playing a medium role in the material transformation in the biosphere, and made up the theoretical empty space in the traditional theory by use of the equation “a + b = c” (4). May see through above two articles, it is an unavoidable fact there is the empty space (blind spot) or mistake existing in the material transformation in vivo in the traditional theory of modern medicine. 

In the medical field, the material transformation in vivo is a fundamental problem. it not only related to the disease diagnosis, treatment and medication, but also related to the development and effect of drugs. It is very important to the human health. 

?. Chinese medicine 

Theoretical empty space—microbial action 

The empty space in the TCM theory is the microbial action. Around this theoretical empty space, it would show two different aspects:

1, The effective treatment of pathogenic microorganisms 

For over 2000 years, TCM has developed an independent theory system based on keeping in good health. In the principle to treat infectious diseases, TCM follows the idea “The body with vital qi is never attacked by pathogenic factors” to put prevention first. In the treatment of infectious diseases, TCM pays attention to developing the human immunity to combat the illness. Just because put the main focus on developing the human immunity, TCM is very difficult to form a set of effective immunological mechanisms in theory for targeted pathogenic microorganisms. This is just on the contrary with the Western medicine in the principle of handling the pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, TCM seemed to be in difficulty in the effective diagnosis and treatment of pathogenic microorganisms. This is the important cause in the passive position in the debate. Nevertheless, it can not but say that TCM lacks this theoretical empty space in the diagnosis and treatment of pathogenic microorganisms. 

2. The role of normal micro-organisms in vivo 

In the material transformation in vivo, the TCM theoretical essence is also that the ingestive materials could be directly transformed into the body materials, considered the material transformation in vivo depends on “the transformation of the spleen and stomach”. Although there is not a clear conflict between the TCM theory and practice and the micro-organisms in vivo, a medical theory system does not reflect the true objective existence of the nature and human body, that is a clear theoretical empty space. 

To make up the theoretical empty spaces of the effective treatment of pathogenic microorganisms and micro-organic medium role in the material transformation in vivo, is the requirement of theoretical and practical development, and also the inevitable outcome of their development. 

?. The harmful effects done by the theoretical empty spaces and mistakes 

There is a very thought-provoking phenomenon: “when doctors go on strike, the death rate plummets?5?”. According to the report and other informations, the integrated data  is as follows: 

Statement of western doctors strikes and death rates 

Striking year     Place       Duration      Death ratio decreased

      1962           Canada                                      17%  

      1972           Bogota       52 days                    35%

      1973           Israel         28 days                    50%

      1976       Los Angeles                                    18%

      1983           Israel          85 days                    50%

      2000           Israel                                           40%

                        Canada        14 days                    20%

                         British          21 days                    30%

“When the strike ended …, the death rate returned to usual levels?5?” 

To the above startling phenomenon, we can carry out an exploration of their underlying causes from their theoretical empty spaces and mistakes. 

1. View from the angle of micro-organisms. According to the available research achievements, the micro-organisms in vivo are obviously divided into two kinds: one is the micro-organisms for material transformation and another is the pathogenic micro-organisms. It is correct to resist the pathogenic micro-organisms that Western medicine educates antibodies by vaccine injection, because it is in line with the motion law of human body. This conforms to the treatment principle in TCM, and is able to improve the more accuracy to resist the targeted virus than the TCM. But there is something wrong with the issue to directly kill the pathogenic micro-organisms by the use of drugs. 

The latest research reflected that the ingestive materials could only be transformed into the body materials by micro-organisms. As if there are more micro-organisms in the soil, the soil would be more fertile, there are more micro-organisms in the intestinal tract, the body would be healthier. But according to the traditional theory that the ingestive materials might be directly transformed into the body materials: (1) the medical theory and practice would not consider or did not know how to consider the role of micro-organisms in vivo, and even to antagonize the micro-organisms by the modern medical means, and hence would completely head for the opposite direction against the actual demands of treating deseases. (2) A series of drugs invented and produced on the basis of this traditional theory, especially the oral and injectable drugs, all of them are basically adverse to the maintenance and proliferation of the micro-organisms in vivo. (3) According to the theory that the ingestive materials would be the conditions to induce the micro-organisms in vivo to generate and vary, some synthetic drugs would inevitably cause the generation of some non-normal micro-organisms, would inevitably cause some materials transformed into some non-body needs and would inevitably cause the body tissues in a non-normal nutritional status. Such an outcome, certainly would weaken the nutritional supplies of the human body, increase the matterials of non-body needs, and initiate the more treatment the worse, or a series of pathological changes such as cured this disease and then fall other ills. In other words, many current drugs are not to treat diseases but could produce diseases. Therefore, the above reported phenomenon might have the theory basis in here.

 For example, the common cold is obviously caused by catching cold, but western medicine calls it as the upper respiratory tract infection, which is considered caused by viruses or bacteria. Since it is infection, antipyretic analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin etc., are inevitable in its medication. This drug itself has the effect of anti- fungal, and inevitably would bring an adverse effect to the microorganisms in vivo. 2 senior Western doctors had an individual introduction to me, “Although many drugs were known as treating common cold, but in essence noone is able to treat it. Taking medicine is for 1 week, and not taking medicine is for 1 week, too.” In other words, no one kind of western drug is able to play a role to dispel the cold. The so-called cure of the cold depengs on the body’s self-repairing capability, and the taken drugs only effect on the symptoms and presentation. These symptoms, such as fever, stuffy nose, running nose, cough, tonsillitis etc., are the natural phenomenon when the body itself dispels the invaded cold. However, the Western drugs taken at this time are only to end the symptoms come about during the natural recovery of the body while no effect to to remove the real cause, and always bring about some side effects of gastrointestinal indisposition. And these side effects, except bringing direct strong irritation to the gastrointestinal tract and being unable to produce its regular secretion, should be a direct or indirect significant affect to the microecology in vivo. If took the cold drugs for a long term, the skin of the severe cases would be extraordinarily dry, even desquamate layer upon layer and they would feel all over uncomfortable. But this illness is unable to be detected by using modern medical equipments and even unable to trace the cause of disease. 

Among the Western drugs against the micro-organisms in vivo, antibiotics are representative. Even if some national and international regulations restrict or forbid using the antibiotics, but, because the medical theories are lack of awareness of the functions of the micro-organisms in the material transformation in vivo, their dosage in the reality therapy is still very high and their results are also a serial. "According to incomplete statistics, the dosage and sales volume of 10 antibiotics are listed in the first 15 drugs, the antibiotic cost of the inpatients in our country accounted for over 50% of the total (general 15%-30% in foreign countries). The latest WHO data also showed that the antibiotic utilization ratio of domestic patients was up to 80%, among them, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic and combined use were up to 58%, much higher than 30% of the international standard(6)". At the same time, the indirect intake through the food chain is even more to be reckoned with. According to he data in July 2008, that shown: “It is estimated that greater than 70% of the antibiotics used in U.S. are given to feed animals (e.g. chickens, pigs and cattle) in the absence of disease (7)”. These antibiotics would be surely transferred into human body. In other words, most of the antibiotics produced by mankind are still ultimately intaken by ourselves through the direct and indirect ways. The intake of large amount of antibiotics would kill the normal micro-organisms in vivo while killing pathogens, and change the microecology in vivo. It would naturally affect the material transformation in vivo. This would not be different from taking a drastic measure to deal with the human cells that depend on the material transformation, which is very fatal. 

Following the intake of large amount of antibiotics, the “antibiotic-resistant strains have become common, and bacteria resistant to a number of antibiotics have developed(8)”, impelling them to vary in the direction of being more difficult to deal with. This conforms to the conclusion that “the materials are the condition inducing micro-organisms to generate” mentioned in the article “Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Micro-organisms”. Essentially, attempting to kill bacteria with drugs to stop infection is a wrongdoing contrary to the actual needs of disease treatment itself, because killing the bacteria in vivo means killing the normal micro-organisms in vivo, too and equals killing the patients themselves (in a short term, the patients would not die because there is still a pathway for nutritional supplements via food chain by the micro-organisms in vitro). This is also a dead-end at the same time, and can not go through forever, because “the villains can always outsmart” and then the bacteria would adapt quickly to the more effective antibiotics and have their very rapid variation, so that mankind would never catch up with the variation of micro-organisms. 

Very regrettable, the humanity has been spending so much manpower, material resources and financial resources in the struggle with the micro-organisms for many years, and is very tired on this road. It would not be accepted for anything if they once discovered that was a blind alley and road to ruin, or even acted as a rebel by themselves against the human health. In the light of the present development situation of the medical science, we have to go on this blind alley since there is no way at present to find a right way or drugs to balance between the pathogenic micro-organisms and the normal micro-organisms in vivo, meanwhile, the contradiction in modern medicine between medical treatment and keeping in good health is becoming increasingly conspicuous. 

There would be an adverse effect naturally as the micro-organisms are absent in TCM theory. It would result that the treatment is not so effective and a large number of facts have provided the answer. 

2. View from the angle of meridians. The absence of meridians and acupoints, besides the human body becomes an island away from the nature, would make the theory and practice of modern medicine being short of the connections among various tissues and organs, and there would be over-simplistic, one-sided and neglectful of the others in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, or the real cause could not be found, which would lead to a blind treatment. Sometimes these consequences are serious. 

Lung meridian and large intestine meridian fall into an exterior-interior relationship. If the synthetic drugs had an adverse effect on the micro-organisms in vivo or murdered them massively, what receives first harms would be the large intestine, because the large intestine is the main place where the micro-organisms in vivo move about and the materials acted by them are absorbed. Besides each tissue cell suffers hunger for an inadequate nutritional supplement, it is the lung meridian to connect most closely with the damaged large intestine. Therefore, a theoretical basis could be easily found for many modern respiratory infectious diseases (such as SARS, avian flu and swine flu, etc.) occurring in mammals and birds, which would spread very quickly to humans through the connections between the micro-organisms and meridians. According to the TCM meridian theory, the heads and tails of twelve meridians communicate with each other and Yin and Yang are exchanged. if there are some problems in the large intestine, its meridian must be difficult to circulate, and thus indirectly affect the operation of other meridians and the health of other organs. In addition, besides each zang-fu organ chairs a meridian, bladder meridian connects all of the five viscerals and six organs and it acts as a common channel of various zang-fu organs. If there was some silting of the large intestine acupoint in the bladder meridian, it would lead to a poor circulatation of the whole meridian, and would directly affect the health of the other organs. Thus, the damage of the large intestine for the misunderstand of the micro-organisms in vivo would lead to a certain lesion of heart, liver, spieen, lung, kidney, stomach, bile, small intestine and bladder, etc. via the direct and indirect connection of the meridians. And this phenomenon in modern medicine would not be connected, almost 100%, with the damage of the micro-organisms in vivo and meridians, and would have a wrong understanding of the cause. It would sometimes result in wrongly excising the diseased organs for the phenomenon and making the health to be impossibl to renovate for ever. 

3. View from the angle of deseases and drugs. The lack of the intermediary role of the micro-organisms in the material transformation and the theory of meridian acupoints would naturally result in a simplistic and one-sidedness diagnosis and treatment of many diseases while bringing about a number of modern ones. For example of many current respiratory diseases, their cause might probably lie in the intestinal microecology damaged by the humanity ourselves, but our diagnosis and treatment have been focussing on the respiratory tract itself and could not find the real cause. This is an inevitable outcome produced by the theoretical empty space and mistake. 

On the development and function of drugs, its theoretical foundation is that the enzymes originate from self-synthesis and the ingestive materials could be directly transformed into the body materials, and the intaken drugs are for the direct absorption of the human body, which itself is in conflict with the theory that only the micro-organisms could carry out the material transformation in vivo. We should not exclude some synthetic drugs could be directly absorbed by the body, but the safety and effectiveness of these drugs can not surely compete with the micro-organic effects. Moreover, the tendency of the research and production of the drugs is artificial purification and synthesis and make them more and more pure, but the cause of any disease is complex, and it is the outcome of many factors for a long-term accumulation. To attempt to quickly treat the disease aroused by many causes on a long-term accumulation with a single component or several ingredients, itself is to only aim at the phenomenon, but not the disease cause of formation, because, from a philosophical perspective, the multifactorial disease needs the versatility of the drugs and treatment. If the drugs with simple composition used in the treatment of the disease arousing from various causes, itself is in an asymmetry with the multifactorial disease. Its result is bound to be futile, and this approache should not be advisable in terms of theory. 

As to how much the harm of the TCM theoretical empty space would be, it is difficult to make a conclusion except the poor direct diagnosis and treatment of the infectious diseases, because there is no obvious conflict to be found between TCM and the micro-organisms in vivo, or there is no accurate data for a support. However, the existence of the theoretical empty space is surely to bring about a adverse effect in the medical practice. 

?. conclusions 

In the three main categories of living things (plants, animals and micro-organisms) in the biological world, the micro-organisms even got a wrong classification. It will inevitably bring about a series of harm to the animals and plants taking them (micro-organisms) as the foundation for the subsistence. As our humanity, its consequences are quite clear and could present a clear response from the medical theory and practice. 

From what has been discussed above, the Chinese and Western medical sciences have some drawbacks actually. There is no TCM meridians and acupoints in the Western medicine theory, and there is no pathogenic micro-organisms in TCM theory. Both of their theory systems are empty of the intermediate role of the micro-organisms in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro. Just for these discussions, the micro-organisms in vivo and in vitro, meridians and acupoints, all the zang-fu organs as well as the whole body are closely interconnected. 

If that would be comparatively little that the theory of modern medical science feels a certain indifference to the meridians and acupoints, and would cuase some diseases could not be cured effectively or the related harm would be indirect, then however, the following harm is direct due to the misunderstanding to the normal micro-organisms in vivo, and is very serious, because, according to traditional theory, its consequence is to attend to one thing and lose another. While effectively treating the pathogenic micro-organisms, the adopted countermeasure to the normal microorganisms in vivo is entirely contrary, and, on the essential problem of “energy supply system” to the human health, it does not to go with and enhance its function, but in fact serves an inhibitory or destructive purpose, and produces more severe diseases unconsciously for the humanity. 

The compared outcome of the theoretical empty spaces and mistakes between the TCM and Western medical sciences, as well as their consequences, are as follows: 

Contrast table of the theoretical empty spaces and mistakes

between TCM and Western medical sciences, as well as their consequences 

  Item                                             Western medicine                  Chinese medicine

meridians and                                 Absent.                                   Existing.

acupoints   

                              Theory of             Existing.                                  Absent.

                              pathogenic

                              micro-organisms

                              Normal                 Misunderstanding,                  Absent, but no

                              micro-organisms and broad-spectrum               contradiction with

                               in vivo                 antimicrobe.                           them was found.

micro-organisms   Material               Theoretical mistake                Theoretical empty

in vivo                    transformation    or empty space.                     space.

                               in vivo

                               Energy supply     As the broad-spectrum          There is no obvious

                                                           antimicrobe, the ingestive     contradiction with

                                                           matterials could not be         the micro-organisms

                                                           transformed thoroughly,       In vivo.

                                                           causing an insufficient

                                                           matterand energy supplies

                                                           to the somatic cells,

                                                           or even deviation.

diagnosis           Characteristics    Due to the misunderstanding   The absence of

                                                       of normal micro-organisms        the micro-organism

                                                       in vivo and absence of              theory would cause

                                                       the meridian acupoints             a lack of a

                                                       theory, often occures                pertinency to the

                                                       a simplification, one-sided-       diseases produced

                                                       ness and misdiagnosis.             by pathogenic

                                                                                                         micro-organisms.

treatment       Characteristics      Due to a high specific                The major way is to

                                                      pertinence to pathogenic          support body

                                                      micro-organisms, very              immunity and remove

                                                      effective to the infectious         pathogenic factors.

                                                      diseases, but great harmful     Slowly effective to

                                                      to the normal micro-organisms  the infectious 

                                                      in vivo. Lack of the                     diseases,  due to

                                                      interconnections among all        a low specific

                                                      the tissues, often occures          pertinence to

                                                      a simplification, and                    pathogenic

                                                      one-sidedness, and attends      micro-organisms.

                                                      to one thing and lose

                                                      another.

 Drugs or herbal     Effect        Deviate from the material             There is not

 medicine                                 transformation law, destruct         contradictory to the

                                                 the conditions or circumstances    material

                                                 of the material transformation      transformation law,

                                                 and cause a poor nutrition           and could effect

                                                 to the whole body.                       on the disease

                                                                                                      cause.

                             Side effect   Serious side effects. Due to         Slight.

                                                  under suspicion of inducing

                                                  abnormal micro-organisms,

                                                  would produce  abnormal

                                                  matters for the body needs,

                                                  and initiate new diseases.

 Microbiology is a very young subject. The ignorance and misunderstanding of the micro-organisms in TCM and Western medical science are chiefly because there is no their reasonable position in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro. if they were able to be given a due position in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro, it would be bound to correct the ignorance of TCM and the misunderstanding of Western medical science, and further perfect their theoretical systems. 

How can only fight against the pathogenic microorganisms, and protect and proliferate the normal microorganisms in vivo? This has resulted in a contradiction, and it will be difficult to be overcome in view of the present situation of medical science. Perhaps, the micro-organisms have their two sides like everything, they are as same as green plants in the fields and there are grasses and also seedlings. The pathogenic micro-organisms are wild grasses, and the normal micro-organisms are seedlings. While removing the wild grasses, that is the right choice to retain the seedlings, otherwise it would affect the seedlings’ growth and harvest. Our previous mistake was to weed the wild grasses with the seedlings together because we did not know the significance that the seedlings would yield the foods for us, or our hoe could not distinguish the wild grasses and seedlings. To overcome this contradiction has to depend on the further development of microbiology and medical science. The reality demands that we, while fighting against the pathogens, not only study what materials our body needs, but also study what processing and transformation these materials in vitro and in vivo go through, and then how to promote this processing and transformation. 

Both of the TCM and Western medical science are the relatively independent theory systems. If there happened a change in a key unit of their deep-rooted theories (especially Western medical science), it would not just be a simple complement, but may possibly initiate some changes in some aspects of the system, even may bring about a profound revolution. For example, the complement of the meridian acupoints theory would involve the deep connections of all body organs, even the whole body and the nature, and the correction of the misunderstanding of the normal micro-organisms in vivo would involve the profound revolution in pharmacology. Thus, there would have a series of impact on the diagnosis, treatment and medication. 

Hope everybody in life sciences pays more attention on this issue, makes an active probe and strives to solve this vital problem once and for all. 

References 

1, (China) Wu Qingzhong, Manual of Human Body, Huacheng Press (27th impression, Nov. 2007), P1.

2, Meridians, Wikipedia Web Site (Jan. 7, 2009), available at http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/经络.

3, (China) Duan Xiu-Bin, Cells Suffering Hunger (Jun. 4, 2009), available at http://bbs.bbioo.com/thread-39257-1-1.html.

4, (China) Duan Xiu-Bin, Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Micro-organisms (2) (Jun. 4, 2009), available at http://bbs.bbioo.com/thread-39259-1-1.html.

5, Rob Mackrill, When Doctors strike, Less People Die! ( May 12, 2007), available at http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article981.html.

6, (China) Yang Xuan, Great Harm of Western Medical Science (Jul. 27, 2007) , available at http://jinshuihuyy.blog.hexun.com/11188133_d.html.

7, Antibiotic, Wikipedia Web Site (Jun. 23, 2009), available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic.

8, MayoClinic Stuff, Antibiotics: Use them wisely?Feb. 13, 2008?, available at http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/antibiotics/FL00075. 

First druft: 2009-01-24, Revised: 2009-05-24.