The murder of Caesar - 44Bc
The murder of Caesar - 44Bc
The Battle of Pharsalia made Caesar lord of Rome. He then had to deal with Africa which was in revolt. A short campaign ended in the victory being announced in the Senate as Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered). He returned to Rome and took supreme command; the Republic was at an end. Now the head of the army controlled the empire.
Unlike Marius and Sulla, Caesar proclaimed a general pardon for all his former opponents, not one was put to death. He; then instituted a number of popular reforms, but some jealous men who wished to restore the Republic waited for him in the Forum and stabbed him to death.
A Second Triumvirate was formed consisting of Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony), Lepidus and Octavius, Caesar's heir.
His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world to the North Sea, and he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC. The collapse of the triumvirate, however, led to a stand-off with Pompey and the Senate. Leading his legions across the Rubicon, Caesar began a civil war in 49 BC from which he became the master of the Roman world.
After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He heavily centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity" (dictator perpetuo). A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (March 15) in 44 BC, hoping to restore the normal running of the Republic. However, the result was another Roman civil war, which ultimately led to the establishment of a permanent autocracy by Caesar's adopted heir, Gaius Octavianus. In 42 BC, two years after his assassination, the Senate officially sanctified Caesar as one of the Roman deities.
Much of Caesar's life is known from his own Commentaries (Commentarii) on his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources such as the letters and speeches of his political rival Cicero, the historical writings of Sallust, and the poetry of Catullus. Many more details of his life are recorded by later historians, such as Appian, Suetonius, Plutarch, Cassius Dio and Strabo.
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