Waste Degradation and the Idea of Acceptable Release Rate
Many guidance documents or statutory assessment methods use absolute terms such as "total containment", "prevention of leachate and landfill gas migration", or "impermeable". These terms can lead to the erroneous belief that such concepts are achievable, and that failure to do so is indicative of poor materials or workmanship.
Consideration of material properties demonstrates that, as all materials have a finite permeability, some finite seepage is inevitable.
For example, the frequently quoted requirements for one metre of clay with a maximum permeability of 10-9 m/s and a maximum leachate head of 1 metre implies, using Darcy\'s Law, a seepage rate of 1.7 m^/d/ha, and yet it is commonly referred to as the provision of "total containment".
Actual flow rates are affected by a range of ameliorating and aggregating factors. Calculation of actual seepage rates is complex, and should be carried out using risk assessment methodology carried out to a recognized methodology.
For gases, viscosity and diffusion characteristics must be taken into account. In general, mineral liners on their own are not usually effective barriers against gas migration, though they can be useful components of a multi-barrier system.
Measurements of hydraulic conductivity are of little relevance in respect to gas, as gas is able to pass through a barrier at a rate several orders of magnitude greater than that which may be measured for water.
All materials will allow the passage of liquids to an extent determined by their permeability. Risk assessment methodology will quantify the probability distribution for a derived seepage rate for a given liner/landfill situation.
This should be used either to assess the probable impact on the receiving source, or to determine the performance specification for the liner and landfill operational methods. In this way, an appropriate liner specification can be derived, incorporating a suitable safety margin.
Excessive over-engineering should be avoided, as this can itself may be considered to contravene the principles of sustainable development.
The statement we have made regarding the fact that flow through landfill containment systems will never be absolutely zero and will be a quantifiable small amount, cannot be refuted. It is a rigorously scientific approach to adopt this principle.
However, the concept of the fact that a seepage through a liner is acceptable has been resisted by some, and in particular can appear to be in conflict with the EC Groundwater Directive.
However, in certain circumstances, the discharge into the unsaturated zone of leachates containing List II substances (as defined by the EC Groundwater Directive) is permissible, provided that prior investigation has shown that this will be satisfactory and not significantly impact upon the environment.
Around the globe the primary concern will be to ensure the protection of groundwater, so for example in the EU landfill acceptability is classified by type within zones of travel time to a water source, and within resource protection areas.
(ArticlesBase SC #711398)
Sustainable development is defined as the process of development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their need.
Society has presumed that it can sustainably use natural resources to build and operate civilization and devastate the environment with its wastes. That is a delusion.
Preamble I feel highly honoured and priviledged to be called upon to deliver the 17th Inaugural Lecture of the Delta State University, Abraka. I thank God for granting us journey mercies to this gathering and I believe He will take all of us home safely in Jesus Name – Amen. Did you buy and read today’s papers? How many mind bugging and gory stories? What is the latest on militancy and criminality in the Niger Delta? How painful! You may try to take your mind off those depressive issues and f
Professor Emman Osakwe B.Sc. (Nig), M.Ed. (Philadelphia), M.A. (London) Ph.D (Ibadan)
Pollution, contamination of Earth’s environment with materials that interfere with human health, the quality of life, or the natural functioning of ecosystems (living organisms and their physical surroundings). Although some environmental pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, most is caused by human activities.
A food allergy is an immunologic response to a food protein and caused by allergens in the food that are a kind of protein in the food. These proteins resist the cooking process, the acid in the stomach and the enzymes in the stomach and intestines and enter the blood stream and they cause the allergy reaction after they enter the blood stream.
Please go through these pages, at least once, as and when you have some leisure time. Today, the age of competition, the collection may be useful for the students, who are preparing for their competition examinations.
Dr. Swerdloff received his Medical Degree from the University of Health Sciences, Chicago Medical School in 1976. He completed his residency training in General Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery at the Albert Einstein Medical Center in New York. He was board certified by The American Academy of Neurological and Orthopedic Surgeons
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