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Dr.Badruddin Khan - ArticlesOlympic Competitions and the Metric System of MeasurementWhile in Olympic competitions events are conducted using the metric system owing to its international acceptance, the marathon is an exception as it corresponds to the distance in miles run by the Greek messenger who carried news of the Athenian victory on the Plains of Marathon in 490 B.C. Reasons for the Fall of the Roman EmpireThe history of the Roman Empire in the later centuries was dominated by the Senatorial class whose fortunes grew larger and larger and the families controlling them became fewer and fewer, because few bothered to have children. This explains the birth of the particularly damaging species of selfish class that led to the downfall of the entire western part of the Empire. Why to Avoid Tasting Chemicals and How to Test Unknown Chemicals?While the complexity and dangers associated with efforts of the early chemists and their primitive and suicidal ventures to decipher and accumulate chemical knowledge is clear from the history related to the statement about acids tasting sour, now many chemical problems are addressed by very simple methods and techniques. Gifts of Phosphate Fertilizers and Curses of Idyllic Life StylesWhile the extraction of phosphate fertilizers has brought prosperity to the inhabitants of the island of Nauru, it has also deprived them of incentives to work and study which in turn has pushed them in the clutches of curses of idyllic life style. Chemistry of the Elements of Nitrogen Family at a GlanceThe nitrogen family consists of the five elements: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth along with the synthetic element 113, that make up Group 15 of the periodic table. These elements share one important structural property that they all have five electrons in the outermost energy level of their atoms. Do Atoms Really Exist?One of the most remarkable features of atomic theory is that neither actual picture of an atom yet exists nor someone has yet seen a single atom in spite of the fact that some very best microscopes have produced images of groups of atoms. However, the models of the atom, like other scientific models, can be tested by experimentation. Dalton’s Color Blindness and His Quaker FaithJohn Dalton was born into a devoutly religious family that had faith in Quaker doctrine. Due to his color blindness, a condition in which people have mild to severe difficulty in identifying colors, Dalton accepted an honorary degree from Oxford dressed in a scarlet robe when wearing a scarlet was prohibited by his Quaker as he could not rationalize the actual color of the robe. Why Water is Called the Universal Solvent?Water is an unusual compound with unique physical properties. As a result, besides being the compound of life, it is the most abundant compound in the biosphere of Earth. These properties are related to its electronic structure, bonding, and chemistry. However, due to its affinity for a variety of substances, ordinary water contains other substances. Few of us have used seen or tested pure water. The chemistry of water deals with the fundamental chemical property and information about water. A Miracle of Prophet Moses or a Chemistry ConnectionMoses, the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus, received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai. According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel from the time of the conquest of the territory by Joshua until they were conquered by the Babylonians in c.586 BCE and taken into exile. They were divided in twelve tribes, each claiming descent from one of twelve sons and grandsons of Jacob Search for a Mystical Elixir of LifeThe word elixir is derived from the Arabic word ‘al-iksir’ that means “potion”. Though there was no evidence that a magic potion ever existed, alchemists continued their search for it for over a thousand years.
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