Dr.Badruddin Khan

While blood supply refers to the blood resources in blood banks and hospitals that are available for use by the health care community, blood banks are institutions that store blood to be distributed to local hospitals and medical centers. Donation of blood by volunteers is critical in maintaining the supply of blood in blood banks and it is important to know that a blood donor cannot transmit AIDS or any other disease by donating blood.

Though only about 20 amino acids are common in humans and animals, all the millions of different proteins in living things are formed by the bonding of these amino acids. While twelve of these amino acids, called non-essential amino acids, can be made within the body, the other eight, called the essential amino acids, cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

While carbon dioxide is an inorganic gaseous carbon compound that has been identified as an environmental culprit in spite of the fact that its users and not the gas itself is to be blamed for consequences of its increased concentration, dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide which has very many useful properties in spite of its offensive nature in certain respects.

In biological systems the oxidation-reduction reactions are frequently called redox reactions. While oxygen is essential to our survival, too much of it in the body becomes harmful to healthy tissues. One way to protect healthy tissue from the ravages of oxidation caused by active oxygen is to provide free electrons to active oxygen radicals in the form of antioxidants.

While coal has formed by the action of heat and pressure on the remains of trees and plants on land over millions of years, oil and natural gas have formed by the action of heat and pressure on the remains of sea plants and animals over millions of years. Collectively they are called fossil fuels because they are buried underground. Fossil fuels are a finite resource and non-renewable source of energy.

An indicator is a large organic molecule that works somewhat like a “color dye". Whereas most dyes do not change color with the amount of acid or base present, there are many molecules, known as acid - base indicators, which do respond to a change in the hydrogen ion concentration.

Acids and bases are encountered frequently both in chemistry and in everyday living. They have opposite properties and have the ability to cancel or neutralize each other. Acids and bases are carefully regulated in the body by the lungs, blood, and kidneys through equilibrium processes.

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically united and do not exist in fixed proportions to each other. Most natural substances are mixtures. A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase. At least two substances must be mixed in order to have a solution.

A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase. At least two substances must be mixed in order to have a solution. The substance in the smallest amount and the one that dissolves or disperses is called the Solute and the substance in the larger amount is called the Solvent. In most common instances water is the solvent and the gases, liquids, or solids dissolved in water are the solutes.

Quantitative measurement is the cornerstone of modern science, but it has not always been so; the application of quantitative measurements to chemistry, for example, does not predate AD 1500. Quantitative measurement was developed for other purposes, as technology, and was only then adopted for scientific use.

The history of the Roman Empire in the later centuries was dominated by the Senatorial class whose fortunes grew larger and larger and the families controlling them became fewer and fewer, because few bothered to have children. This explains the birth of the particularly damaging species of selfish class that led to the downfall of the entire western part of the Empire.

Water is an unusual compound with unique physical properties. As a result, besides being the compound of life, it is the most abundant compound in the biosphere of Earth. These properties are related to its electronic structure, bonding, and chemistry. However, due to its affinity for a variety of substances, ordinary water contains other substances. Few of us have used seen or tested pure water. The chemistry of water deals with the fundamental chemical property and information about water.

Antacids are medicines that ae used to neutralize stomach acid and relieve acid indigestion, upset stomach, sour stomach, and heartburn. Antacids are taken by mouth and work by neutralizing excess stomach acid. Though antacids generally contain ingredients such as aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate, alone or in various combinations, antacid products may also contain other ingredients which relieve gastric problem.

While solubility of a solute in a given solvent is influenced by three major factors: pressure, temperature, and the nature of the solute and solvent, the changes observed and called colligative properties in going from the pure solvent to a solution are dependent only upon the number of solute molecules.

Cocaine is a powerful drug that stimulates the body's central nervous system. Prepared from the leaves of the coca shrub, it increases the user's energy and alertness, reduces appetite and the need for sleep, and heightens feelings of pleasure. Although laws of most of the countries make its manufacture and use for nonmedical purposes illegal, many people are able to obtain it illegally.

The six chemical elements: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and Francium are collectively known as Alkali Metals. While the last three elements are extremely rare, and have little to do with one’s everyday life, it is hard for all of us to spend a day without encountering at least one of the first three namely sodium and to many people lithium is not less than a blessing.

Radioactive elements have a lot of important uses and they also cause some dangerous problems if they are not handled properly. Ever since Henri Becquerel first found out about radioactive elements more elements have been investigated for their radioactivity, and different isotopes of elements have different radioactive behavior. Many are used commercially and medically, and others are just nuisances.

Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back into their original form. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate. It relates to the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile.

One mole of a substance is the mass that contains the same number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons) as there are atoms in 12 grams of the carbon-12. One mole of a substance is 6.022045 × 1023 atoms, which is known as Avogadro's number that may be obtained by weighing out the relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass in grams.

Though the extraction of sodium involves the use of a special process, the metal is plentiful in the form of sodium chloride that is better known as table salt and is the most widely known and commonly used sodium compound. Today people think of salt primarily as a seasoning to enhance the taste of food, but prior to the development of refrigeration, it was vital as a preservative because it kept microbes away from otherwise perishable food items.

While the term corrosion applies, specifically to the gradual action of natural agents on metals, rusting is the term used for corrosion of iron. Though the rusting of iron is quite prevalent and needs prevention, the corrosion of metals is more of a problem than that of other materials and corrosion resistance must be increased by making changes in compositions of the articles concerned.

Since the terms Dissociation and Ionization are used quite inconsistently by learners, for the sake of clarity and for congruity with the actual chemistry taking place in these processes, it is suggested that the term ionization be used exclusively in those contexts in which ions are formed from nonionic species and the term dissociation should be used only in the context of species breaking into their component ions.

The noble gases are a group of six elements that make up Group 18 of the periodic table. At one time, this family of the chemical elements was also known as the rare gases in view of rare availibity of these elements on Earth. Their present name comes from the fact that these six gases are highly unreactive and appear almost "noble in respect of interaction with other members of the periodic table. In fact it is due to lack of reactivity that they have also been dubbed as ‘the inert gases’.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, a jurist and author and a jewel among the most sincere and influential educators, the Muslim community has ever been blessed with , was not only the founder of the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College at Aligarh, UP, India, but also the principal motivating force behind the revival of lost glory of Indian Muslims in the late 19th century.

A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney out of substances in the urine. Besides foods rich in calcium, magnesium, oxalates, and phosphates, a high sugar diet may also create kidney stones because excessive sugar promotes excretion of calcium and magnesium ions.

Land pollution occurs massively during earth quakes, land slides, hurricanes and floods. These kinds of natural disasters are not only a problem in that they cause pollution but also because they leave many victims homeless. Wars too are a major cause of soil pollution as after a war, many countries suffer from food shortage which facilitates the use of fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals.

We have heard of use of harmful or deadly chemical or biological agents as weapons of war. These agents can kill many people and are considered weapons of mass destruction. While chemical weapons are made up of poisonous chemical compounds, biological weapons use living microorganisms. Weapons that contain the poisonous chemical products of living organisms are known as toxin weapons and are sometimes classified separately.

Exposure to high levels of zinc occurs mostly from eating food, drinking water, or breathing contaminated air, especially at workplace. Though low levels of zinc are essential for maintaining good health, exposure to large amounts can be harmful and fatal too.

The six chemical elements: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and Francium are collectively known as Alkali Metals. While the last three elements are extremely rare, and have little to do with one’s everyday life, it is hard for all of us to spend a day without encountering at least one of the first three namely sodium and to many people lithium is not less than a blessing.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthesized insecticide that belongs to the family of organic compounds containing halogen. It is highly toxic for different kinds of insects, though it was initially considered to be permanently harmless to both warm-blooded animals and people.