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![]() Steven Bonacorsi is a Senior Master Black Belt instructor and coach. Steven Bonacorsi has trained hundreds of Master Black Belts, Black Belts, Green Belts, and Project Sponsors and Executive Leaders in Lean Six Sigma DMAIC and Design for Lean Six Sigma process improvement methodologies.
Bonacorsi Consulting, LLC.
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Cause and Effect Diagrams (fishbone Diagrams)The first such cause-and-effect diagram was used by Kaoru Ishikawa in 1943 to explain to a group of engineers at the Kawasaki Steel Works how various work factors could be sorted and related. In recognition of this, these diagrams sometimes are called Ishikawa diagrams. They are also called fishbone diagrams, because they look something like fish skeletons. Critical Path MappingThe activity network diagram has had a relatively long history, dating back to the 1930s. In the 1950s, the technique emerged as the Program Evaluation Research Technique (PERT) and as the Critical Path Method (CPM). There are several ways to represent the output of the PERT/CPM process. Box PlotsBox-and-whisker diagrams, or Box Plots, use the concept of breaking a data set into fourths, or quartiles, to create a display. The box part of the diagram is based on the middle (the second and third quartiles) of the data set. The whiskers are lines that extend from either side of the box. The maximum length of the whiskers is calculated based on the length of the box. The actual length of each whisker is determined after considering the data points in the first and the fourth quartiles. Dot PlotsA dot plot graphically records variable data in such a way that it forms a picture of the combined effect of the random variation inherent in a process and the influence of any special causes acting on it. To understand the power of dot plots as a basic tool, it first helps to visualize how variation occurs. Run ChartsRun charts can be very valuable in helping your search for sources of variation. They are easy to plot and easy to interpret. The sampling is uncomplicated, and there are no statistical computations to make. They can also be applied to almost any process or any data. Scatter DiagramsA scatter diagram shows the correlation between two variables in a process. These variables could be a Critical-To-Quality (CTQ) characteristic and a factor affecting it, two factors affecting a CTQ or two related quality characteristics. Dots representing data points are scattered on the diagram. The extent to which the dots cluster together in a line across the diagram shows the strength with which the two factors are related. HistogramsA histogram is a tool that allows you to understand at a glance the variation that exists in a process. Affinity DiagramsThe affinity diagram is a management and planning tool. Use of this tool is based on the understanding that time invested in planning will produce remarkable dividends as the generated ideas and plans are acted upon and implemented. Pareto ChartsPareto (pa-RAY-toe) analysis is named after Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who lived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1897, he presented a formula that showed that income was distributed unevenly, with about 80% of the wealth in the hands of about 20% of the people. Process Mapping With FlowchartsA flowchart is an outline or schematic drawing of the process your team is trying to measure or improve. It can also be a picture of an ideal process that you would like to use.
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