Clinical-epidemiological Study of Prevalence, Etiology, Chemotherapy of Deg Nala Disease in Buffaloes and Cattle in Nepal

<h1>Clinical-epidemiological Study of Prevalence, Etiology, Chemotherapy of Deg Nala Disease in Buffaloes and Cattle in Nepal</h1>Author: <a title="Dr.Kedar Karki" href="http://www.articlesbase.com/authors/dr.kedar-karki/45197.htm">Dr.Kedar Karki</a> Clinical-Epidemiological Study of Prevalence, etiology, chemotherapy of Deg Nala disease in buffaloes and cattle in Nepal.

Dr.Kedar Karki

M.V.St.Preventive Veterinary Medicine

Central Luzon State University Munoz Philippines

Veterinary Officer

Central Veterinary Laboratory

ABSTRACT

The prevalence, etiology, chemotherapy and control of Deg Nala disease were studied. The disease occurs in winter months when fungal infested rice straw is fed to cattle and buffaloes. Buffaloes are more frequently affected than cattle and younger animals appear to be more susceptible. The possibility of mycotoxin in causation of the disease is discussed. The most frequently found fungi species recorded from rice straw were: Aspergillus, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium notatum. Therapeutic trials with various drugs were carried out, but 2% of Antidegnala liquor orally, or5% of Antidegnala liquor S/C or I/M giving the highest cure rate.

Key words: Deg Nala disease, etiology, prevalence, chemotherapy, buffalo, Antidegnala liquor, Banke, Nepal

Introduction

Raising buffaloes and cattle in Pakistan, Nepal and India is one way of augmenting the financial resources of village people.These animals are mainly raised on rice and wheat straw which are of poor nutritional quality .Rice and wheat plant when infested by fungus Fusarium causes severe health problem many researcher in this regard has documented. Infections that may be debilitating in nature can cause significant economic losses as a result ofDecreased production confounded by reduced growth rate, mortality and poor animal performance. An effort to improve animal production in the village calls for suitable control or therapeutic measures of any disease. Experimental evaluation of the immunologic properties and treatment of F. graminearum infections should be considered. The genus Fusarium contains important producing species that have been implicated in several animal.diseases including Degnala disease hemorrhagic,estrogenic, emetic feed refusal syndromes ,fescue foot moldy sweet potato toxicosis,been hulls poisoning,and Equine leukoencephalomalacia.Many of these mycotoxin producing species have been also implicated in several human disease such as alimentary toxic aleukia,urov or Kashin-Beck disease,Akakabi-byo or scabby grain intoxication and esophageal cancer.(<a href="http://www.mold-help.org)" target="_blank">www.mold-help.org)</a> Deg Nala disease, which causes necrosis and gangrene of the dependent parts in cattle and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis L.) is known to exist in Indo-Pakistan, as a number of cases were recorded stemming from a monsoon rainwater stream in the area of Murdike (Sheikhpura District), near Nala Deg in Pakistan (SHIRLAW, 1939). A widespread occurrence of the disease has been reported from rice growing areas of Indo-Pakistan (IRFAN, 1971; KALRA et al., 1972; IRFAN and MAQBOOL, 1986) which caused considerable economic losses. Karki reported same disease from area of banke district since year 1990.

Materials and methods

Prevalence. The outbreaks of Deg Nala disease occurring during 1998 through 1999 were recorded in 5 villages of Bankatwa,Mahadev puri,Bethani,KhajuraKhurda Manokapur Village development commiti of Banke district of Midwestern Nepal . The observation period was from November to February.

Isolation of fungi. Samples of infested rice straw, containing multiple dark specks, were collected from areas where natural outbreaks of Deg Nala disase had been recorded. Isolation of fungi on potato dextrose agar, yeast soluble starch agar.

Therapeutic trials. A total of 80 randomly selected naturally clinically affected animals were further divided in to 4 groups of 20 animals each. The following therapeutic regimens were tried.

Treatment A. 5% Antidegnala liquor 5-10 ml S/C or I/M 4 times in a week on alternate day.

Treatment B. Daily oral administration of 2 % Antidegnala liquor 2ml for 10 days.

Treatment C. A single intramuscular injection of terramycin-LA (Pfizer; 200 mg oxytetracycline/ml) 20 mg/kg b.w. local treatment of lesions proceeded as in treatment A.

Results

Prevalence.

During a one year study period a total of 640 cases were recorded in 5 villages of the district. Of these 470 were buffaloes and 170 were cattle . Of the buffaloes which showed lesions, 150 were young, 320 adult; 65 were males and 405 were females. 170 Sahiwal cattle which showed lesions, 139 were young, 31 adult; 134 were males and 36 were females. The disease was prevalent from November to February. The lesions developed only in cattle and buffaloes fed continuously on rice straw containing multiple dark specks.

Fungi isolated from infested rice straw. Species of fungi were isolated from the samples of rice straw, the most frequently recorded were: Aspergillus niger, Mucor hiemalis, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium notatum.

Signs and lesions. Severe cases lingered for 1 to 2 months, but in others the wounds healed within a few weeks. The diseased animals were invariably weak. Ulcerative wounds and gangrene developed on the limbs and other dependent parts of the body. Almost all cases showed gangrene of the tail, which was shrivelled and cold to the touch. Invariably, one or both ears showed signs of dry gangrene. In some cases the muzzle and even the tip of the tongue became gangrenous and was shed. One or more hooves showed lesions in varying stages of development. In some cases the affected feet and legs were swollen up to the knee; hair was denuded and inflammatory changes set in. Later, wounds appeared on the coronet, fetlock, pastern, knee and in the hock region. In very advanced cases the lower regions of the feet become gangrenous. In some cases the hooves were shed and bones were exposed. The gangrenous portions of the tail, tips of the ears, tongue and other affected parts of the body, dropped off, although wounds healed in the course of time.

Therapeutic trials. The highest cure rate (90%) was observed with treatment A, followed by treatment B (70%). Treatments C had an identical cure rate of 30%.

Discussion

The disease is strongly associated with the feeding of rice straw containing multiple dark specks. This observation is concurs with the findings of earlier researchers (IRFAN and MAQBOOL, 1986) who reported that fungal infested straw and fungal mats of various species in different combinations, when mixed with fresh non-infested rice straw, produced the disease. Saprophytic fungi infesting rice straw produce mycotoxins possessing vasoconstriction, which produces the lesions of the disease (IRFAN et al., 1984). The greater severity of the disease in buffaloes as compared to that in cows may partly be due to the high susceptibility of this species. Therapeutic trials with an antidote Antidegnala Liquor given orally, and parentally gave highest percentage (90%) cure rate. This cure rate was in a broad agreement with the findings of SCHOENTAL (1980) who reported a cure rate of 80% with a penta-sulphate mixture. Secondary bacterial infections of the lesions were at least partially responsible for the severity of the disease. To address this complicating factor, long-acting Terramycin was injected parenterally. Moreover simultaneous use of antifungal(Diethylamine acetarsol,Acetylarson,Antidegnala liquior) induced development of immunity and was proven to be effective against infection.Taking the result of this study it is recommended that effort should be directed toward the prevention of F.graminearum infection in animals. Moreover further study should be conducted to confirm the involvement of this fungus in other animal and poultry diseases.Finaly the application of Diethylamine Acetarsol or its depravities(anti-degnala liquior) other immunomodulator for treatment of F.graminearum infection in domestic animals should be looked into.

References

Antonio Logreco:et.al:Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their associated mycotoxins for some Mediterranean Crops:Europiean Journal of Plant Pathology Volume 109, number 7/September,2003

Dhillon,K.S. 1973 preliminory observation on the treatment of Degnala disease in Buffaloes.Indian VET.J. 50:5,482-484.

Gbore,F.A.et.al .Haematotoxicity of dietary Fumonisin B1 in growing pigs University of Ibadan,Nigeria.

Genevieve S.Bondy.et.al:Immunomodulation by Fungal toxins.Journal of Toxilogy and Environmental Health vol.3, number2/April 1 ,2000

H.V.L.N.Swamy et.al.Effects of feeding Blends of Grains naturally Contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on growth and immunological parameters of broiler Chickens <a target="_blank" href="http://www.poultryscience.org/ps/paperpdfs/04/po44o533.pdf">http://www.poultryscience.org/ps/paperpdfs/04/po44o533.pdf</a>

Ifran,M 1971 The clinical picture and pathology of Degnala diseasesin buffaloes and cattle in West Pakistan.Vet.Rec.88:422-424.

Ifran,M.and A.Maqbool.1986.Studies on Degnala disease in cattle and buffaloes.Pakistan .Vet.J.6:87-93.

I.P.Oswald et.al. Immunotoxicological risk of mycotoxins for domestic animals:Food Additives and Contaminants vol:22 number 4/April2005 pp354-360

Karki,K.1999.Degnala disease in Nepal.District Livestock Survices Banke Nepal Annual report.(Unpublished).

Kalra ,D.S.,Bhatia,K.C.Degnala disease in buffalo and cattle:Epidemiological investigation.J.Environ.Pathol Toxicol ONCOL 1990 May-JUNE:10(3):132-135.

Kalra ,D.S.,Bhatia,K.C.:Fusarium eqiseti associated mycotoxins as possible cause of Degnala disease:Ann.Nutr.Aliment.1977;31(4-6):745-52

P.E.Nelson et.alTaxonomy,biology,andclinical aspects of Fusarium species.Deparment of plant pathology,Pennsylvania State University,University park 16802

Rodriguez-Adrian,L.J.,M.L.Grazzuiutti,J.H.Rex and E.J. Anaissie 1998 The potential role of cytokine therapy for fungal infections in patients with cancer:Is recovery from neutropenia all that is needed?CID.26 1270-1278.

Sarah I.Phillips et.al. The mycoflora and incidence of aflatoxin zearalenine and sterigmatocystin in dairy feed and forage samples from eastern India and Bangladesh.amaycopathologia.Biomedical and Life Science.vol133.number1/January,1996

S.R.Chowdhary et.al:Effect of Feed-Borne Fusarium Mycotoxins on Hematology and Immunology of Turkeys;Poultry Science –vol84 November 2005 number11.

Sharma .P:Immunotoxicity of Mycotoxins:1993.J.Dairy.Sci.76:892-897.

Shirlow,J.E.1939 Degnala Disease of Buffaloes:an account of the lesions and essential pathology.Indian.Vet.Sci.Animal.Husb.9853-864.

Turgeon,M.L 1996 PrecipitationMethods :Immunology and Serology inLaboratory Medicine 2nd Ed.Mosby.Missouri USA PP.131-133About the Author: Dr.Kedar Karki 
M.V.St.Preventive Veterinary Medicine 
Central Luzon State University Munoz Philippines 
Veterinary Officer 
Central Veterinary LaboratoryArticle Source: <a href="http://www.articlesbase.com/">ArticlesBase.com</a> - <a href="http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/clinicalepidemiological-study-of-prevalence-etiology-chemotherapy-of-deg-nala-disease-in-buffaloes-and-cattle-in-nepal-336072.html" title="Clinical-epidemiological Study of Prevalence, Etiology, Chemotherapy of Deg Nala Disease in Buffaloes and Cattle in Nepal">Clinical-epidemiological Study of Prevalence, Etiology, Chemotherapy of Deg Nala Disease in Buffaloes and Cattle in Nepal</a>

Clinical-Epidemiological Study of Prevalence, etiology, chemotherapy of Deg Nala disease in buffaloes and cattle in Nepal.

Dr.Kedar Karki

M.V.St.Preventive Veterinary Medicine

Central Luzon State University Munoz Philippines

Veterinary Officer

Central Veterinary Laboratory

ABSTRACT

The prevalence, etiology, chemotherapy and control of Deg Nala disease were studied. The disease occurs in winter months when fungal infested rice straw is fed to cattle and buffaloes. Buffaloes are more frequently affected than cattle and younger animals appear to be more susceptible. The possibility of mycotoxin in causation of the disease is discussed. The most frequently found fungi species recorded from rice straw were: Aspergillus, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium notatum. Therapeutic trials with various drugs were carried out, but 2% of Antidegnala liquor orally, or5% of Antidegnala liquor S/C or I/M giving the highest cure rate.

Key words: Deg Nala disease, etiology, prevalence, chemotherapy, buffalo, Antidegnala liquor, Banke, Nepal

Introduction

Raising buffaloes and cattle in Pakistan, Nepal and India is one way of augmenting the financial resources of village people.These animals are mainly raised on rice and wheat straw which are of poor nutritional quality .Rice and wheat plant when infested by fungus Fusarium causes severe health problem many researcher in this regard has documented. Infections that may be debilitating in nature can cause significant economic losses as a result ofDecreased production confounded by reduced growth rate, mortality and poor animal performance. An effort to improve animal production in the village calls for suitable control or therapeutic measures of any disease. Experimental evaluation of the immunologic properties and treatment of F. graminearum infections should be considered. The genus Fusarium contains important producing species that have been implicated in several animal.diseases including Degnala disease hemorrhagic,estrogenic, emetic feed refusal syndromes ,fescue foot moldy sweet potato toxicosis,been hulls poisoning,and Equine leukoencephalomalacia.Many of these mycotoxin producing species have been also implicated in several human disease such as alimentary toxic aleukia,urov or Kashin-Beck disease,Akakabi-byo or scabby grain intoxication and esophageal cancer.(www.mold-help.org) Deg Nala disease, which causes necrosis and gangrene of the dependent parts in cattle and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis L.) is known to exist in Indo-Pakistan, as a number of cases were recorded stemming from a monsoon rainwater stream in the area of Murdike (Sheikhpura District), near Nala Deg in Pakistan (SHIRLAW, 1939). A widespread occurrence of the disease has been reported from rice growing areas of Indo-Pakistan (IRFAN, 1971; KALRA et al., 1972; IRFAN and MAQBOOL, 1986) which caused considerable economic losses. Karki reported same disease from area of banke district since year 1990.

Materials and methods

Prevalence. The outbreaks of Deg Nala disease occurring during 1998 through 1999 were recorded in 5 villages of Bankatwa,Mahadev puri,Bethani,KhajuraKhurda Manokapur Village development commiti of Banke district of Midwestern Nepal . The observation period was from November to February.

Isolation of fungi. Samples of infested rice straw, containing multiple dark specks, were collected from areas where natural outbreaks of Deg Nala disase had been recorded. Isolation of fungi on potato dextrose agar, yeast soluble starch agar.

Therapeutic trials. A total of 80 randomly selected naturally clinically affected animals were further divided in to 4 groups of 20 animals each. The following therapeutic regimens were tried.

Treatment A. 5% Antidegnala liquor 5-10 ml S/C or I/M 4 times in a week on alternate day.

Treatment B. Daily oral administration of 2 % Antidegnala liquor 2ml for 10 days.

Treatment C. A single intramuscular injection of terramycin-LA (Pfizer; 200 mg oxytetracycline/ml) 20 mg/kg b.w. local treatment of lesions proceeded as in treatment A.

Results

Prevalence.

During a one year study period a total of 640 cases were recorded in 5 villages of the district. Of these 470 were buffaloes and 170 were cattle . Of the buffaloes which showed lesions, 150 were young, 320 adult; 65 were males and 405 were females. 170 Sahiwal cattle which showed lesions, 139 were young, 31 adult; 134 were males and 36 were females. The disease was prevalent from November to February. The lesions developed only in cattle and buffaloes fed continuously on rice straw containing multiple dark specks.

Fungi isolated from infested rice straw. Species of fungi were isolated from the samples of rice straw, the most frequently recorded were: Aspergillus niger, Mucor hiemalis, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium notatum.

Signs and lesions. Severe cases lingered for 1 to 2 months, but in others the wounds healed within a few weeks. The diseased animals were invariably weak. Ulcerative wounds and gangrene developed on the limbs and other dependent parts of the body. Almost all cases showed gangrene of the tail, which was shrivelled and cold to the touch. Invariably, one or both ears showed signs of dry gangrene. In some cases the muzzle and even the tip of the tongue became gangrenous and was shed. One or more hooves showed lesions in varying stages of development. In some cases the affected feet and legs were swollen up to the knee; hair was denuded and inflammatory changes set in. Later, wounds appeared on the coronet, fetlock, pastern, knee and in the hock region. In very advanced cases the lower regions of the feet become gangrenous. In some cases the hooves were shed and bones were exposed. The gangrenous portions of the tail, tips of the ears, tongue and other affected parts of the body, dropped off, although wounds healed in the course of time.

Therapeutic trials. The highest cure rate (90%) was observed with treatment A, followed by treatment B (70%). Treatments C had an identical cure rate of 30%.

Discussion

The disease is strongly associated with the feeding of rice straw containing multiple dark specks. This observation is concurs with the findings of earlier researchers (IRFAN and MAQBOOL, 1986) who reported that fungal infested straw and fungal mats of various species in different combinations, when mixed with fresh non-infested rice straw, produced the disease. Saprophytic fungi infesting rice straw produce mycotoxins possessing vasoconstriction, which produces the lesions of the disease (IRFAN et al., 1984). The greater severity of the disease in buffaloes as compared to that in cows may partly be due to the high susceptibility of this species. Therapeutic trials with an antidote Antidegnala Liquor given orally, and parentally gave highest percentage (90%) cure rate. This cure rate was in a broad agreement with the findings of SCHOENTAL (1980) who reported a cure rate of 80% with a penta-sulphate mixture. Secondary bacterial infections of the lesions were at least partially responsible for the severity of the disease. To address this complicating factor, long-acting Terramycin was injected parenterally. Moreover simultaneous use of antifungal(Diethylamine acetarsol,Acetylarson,Antidegnala liquior) induced development of immunity and was proven to be effective against infection.Taking the result of this study it is recommended that effort should be directed toward the prevention of F.graminearum infection in animals. Moreover further study should be conducted to confirm the involvement of this fungus in other animal and poultry diseases.Finaly the application of Diethylamine Acetarsol or its depravities(anti-degnala liquior) other immunomodulator for treatment of F.graminearum infection in domestic animals should be looked into.

References

Antonio Logreco:et.al:Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their associated mycotoxins for some Mediterranean Crops:Europiean Journal of Plant Pathology Volume 109, number 7/September,2003

Dhillon,K.S. 1973 preliminory observation on the treatment of Degnala disease in Buffaloes.Indian VET.J. 50:5,482-484.

Gbore,F.A.et.al .Haematotoxicity of dietary Fumonisin B1 in growing pigs University of Ibadan,Nigeria.

Genevieve S.Bondy.et.al:Immunomodulation by Fungal toxins.Journal of Toxilogy and Environmental Health vol.3, number2/April 1 ,2000

H.V.L.N.Swamy et.al.Effects of feeding Blends of Grains naturally Contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on growth and immunological parameters of broiler Chickens http://www.poultryscience.org/ps/paperpdfs/04/po44o533.pdf

Ifran,M 1971 The clinical picture and pathology of Degnala diseasesin buffaloes and cattle in West Pakistan.Vet.Rec.88:422-424.

Ifran,M.and A.Maqbool.1986.Studies on Degnala disease in cattle and buffaloes.Pakistan .Vet.J.6:87-93.

I.P.Oswald et.al. Immunotoxicological risk of mycotoxins for domestic animals:Food Additives and Contaminants vol:22 number 4/April2005 pp354-360

Karki,K.1999.Degnala disease in Nepal.District Livestock Survices Banke Nepal Annual report.(Unpublished).

Kalra ,D.S.,Bhatia,K.C.Degnala disease in buffalo and cattle:Epidemiological investigation.J.Environ.Pathol Toxicol ONCOL 1990 May-JUNE:10(3):132-135.

Kalra ,D.S.,Bhatia,K.C.:Fusarium eqiseti associated mycotoxins as possible cause of Degnala disease:Ann.Nutr.Aliment.1977;31(4-6):745-52

P.E.Nelson et.alTaxonomy,biology,andclinical aspects of Fusarium species.Deparment of plant pathology,Pennsylvania State University,University park 16802

Rodriguez-Adrian,L.J.,M.L.Grazzuiutti,J.H.Rex and E.J. Anaissie 1998 The potential role of cytokine therapy for fungal infections in patients with cancer:Is recovery from neutropenia all that is needed?CID.26 1270-1278.

Sarah I.Phillips et.al. The mycoflora and incidence of aflatoxin zearalenine and sterigmatocystin in dairy feed and forage samples from eastern India and Bangladesh.amaycopathologia.Biomedical and Life Science.vol133.number1/January,1996

S.R.Chowdhary et.al:Effect of Feed-Borne Fusarium Mycotoxins on Hematology and Immunology of Turkeys;Poultry Science –vol84 November 2005 number11.

Sharma .P:Immunotoxicity of Mycotoxins:1993.J.Dairy.Sci.76:892-897.

Shirlow,J.E.1939 Degnala Disease of Buffaloes:an account of the lesions and essential pathology.Indian.Vet.Sci.Animal.Husb.9853-864.

Turgeon,M.L 1996 PrecipitationMethods :Immunology and Serology inLaboratory Medicine 2nd Ed.Mosby.Missouri USA PP.131-133

Dr.Kedar Karki
M.V.St.Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Central Luzon State University Munoz Philippines
Veterinary Officer
Central Veterinary Laboratory

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Article Tags: Nepal, Chemotherapy, Buffalo, Prevalence, Antidegnala Liquor, Key Words: Deg Nala Disease, Etiology, Banke

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