Pneumocystis carinii infection clinical features and diagnosis
Pneumocystis carinii is a common organism that is foundworldwide. Although previously classified as a protozoan,evidence suggests that it may be fungal in nature. It infectsthe lungs and causes no problems in normal human hosts.The organism is found in autopsy material from healthypeople in up to 4% of cases, and serological studies inEurope have shown up to 75% seropositivity in healthychildren. The reservoirs of infection and the mode of transmissionare poorly defined, but it seems likely that personto-person droplet infection occurs.It causes interstitial pneumonitis in premature andyoung infants, in children with protein-energy malnutrition,in immunosuppressed patients during treatment forhaematological malignancies, and in AIDS patients in thewest. It is uncommon in AIDS in Africa.In normal lung the organisms are found singly or in clusterson the alveolar septal wall, with no surrounding hostresponse. When there is pneumonitis large numbers ofparasites are found in the alveoli, with desquamationof alveolar cells and accumulation of proteinaceousmaterial in the alveolar spaces.Clinical features and diagnosisThe clinical features of Pn. carinii pneumonia are progressivedyspnoea, cough, fever and weight loss. Chestexamination is often normal; chest radiographs may benormal initially but progress fairly rapidly to show extensive interstitial shadowing. The diagnosis should be suspectedin immunosuppressed patients, especially thosewith AIDS, and confirmation is obtained from examinationof bronchial washings obtained at bronchoscopy or insputum induced using nebulized hypertonic saline.ManagementThe treatment is adequate oxygenation and ventilatorysupport when necessary, and chemotherapy with eitherhigh-dose co-trimoxazole (four tablets four times a day) orpentamidine given by intramuscular injection or slow intravenousinfusion in 250 mL of normal saline or 5% dextroseover 1-2 hours. Corticosteroids are added in moderate orsevere cases. Fever, rash and leukopenia have been seen inAIDS patients after about 7-10 days on co-trimoxazole, anda change to pentamidine may be necessary, as treatment forat least 21 days is required. Pentamidine side-effects includerenal and hepatic failure and prolonged hypoglycaemia.There is a 20% mortality in AIDS patients in their firstepisode of Pn. carinii, irrespective of treatment. Prophylaxiswith co-trimoxazole for this infection has been effectivein patients with acute leukaemia. Primary prophylaxis inAIDS patients with the combination of an antifolate anda sulphonamide/sulphone is of value, and nebulized pentamidinehas also been used successfully.
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Pneumocystis carinii (NEW-mo-SIS-tis CA-RIN- nee-eye) pneumonia, or "PCP," is a severe illness found in people with HIV. It is caused by a germ called Pneumocystis carinii. Most people infected with this germ don't get pneumonia because their immune systems are normal. People whose immune systems are badly damaged by HIV can get PCP. People with HIV are less likely to get PCP today than in earlier years. However, PCP is still the most common serious infection among people with AIDS in the United
Pneumonia refers to lung inflammation. There are 50 such lung inflammatory ailments. During such situations, the lungs inevitably experience build up of fluids. Several micro-organisms cause pneumonia. Pneumonic inflammation of the lungs occurs due to collection of cellular wastes and blood cells within the air sacs within the lungs. Such pneumonic inflammation creates breathing problems.
Bacterial pneumonias, particularly Gram-negative infections,are common in neutropenic patients (e.g. followingbone marrow transplantation, or chemotherapy forleukaemia), particularly if the granulocyte count is lessthan 500 x 106/L, and may be associated with lifethreateningsepticaemia. The chest X-ray usually showslocalized shadowing, rather than diffuse infiltration.
The unique & extremely effective ayurvedic / herbal medicine prepared as per the ancient scriptural process & made from rare herbs for the treatment of AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). It increases the CD4 cell count & reduces the HIV viral load which is impossible with modern medical science.
Dapsone medication is help to treat leprosy.
A fast way to get gout relief is with baking soda which I've found it to be very effective. But now that I have gotten my uric acid levels under control I don't need to use this home remedy anymore.
Gout was once the 'disease of kings' due to their diet, but not any more. Anybody can have gout nowadays. Easy access to relatively cheap, mass-produced food and alcohol has meant that we are all at the mercy of gout through our diet.
We need to keep our omega 6 foods at a minimum and include more omega 3 into our diets. Adding food items such as walnuts, chia seeds, to our salads is a simple and natural way to get our omega.
Most children demonstrate some impulsive/hyperactive behavior or have difficulty remaining on-task. Although typically found in boys, in 3-7% percent of children the inattentive, hyperactive, and/or impulsive behavior is recognized by clinician as being a significant problem that is not typical of normal development.
Tomas, a 34 year of carpenter, went to see his girl friend of six months at the end of a hard day. Noticing a strange car in the driveway, he peered into her window with some curiosity. He saw her having sexual relations with another man. Enraged, Tomas went home and returned with his shotgun.
This may be due to infection followed trauma of the pinna itself or to the cartilaginous meatus due to the spread of infection from a furuncle, or may follow an operative procedure on the ear. Sometimes the infection may be due to an insect bite. Cartilage is the thick tissue that creates the shape of the nose and the outer ear. All cartilage has a thin layer of tissue around it called the perichondrium. This covering helps provide nutrients to the cartilage..
Also called beet, the beetroot is a firm, clean globe shaped vegetable with no soft wet areas. If still attached, it should have fresh, clean young leaves. The beetroot is characterized by dark purple skin and a distinctive purple flesh. There are multiple benefits of beetroot and some of them are: Beetroot is a natural detoxifier and blood purifier...
Regimental therapy is an important part of the Unani system of medicine to maintain the body and health as well as in the treatment of various diseases. In Unani System of Medicine, there are four methods of treatment viz, Regimental therapy, Dieto therapy, Pharmacotherapy and surgery....
Ankylosis spondylitis is a continual irritation that causes ache and inflexibility on the vertebraeIn ankylosing spondylosis inflammation occurs at the site where certain ligaments or tendons attach to bone followed by some erosion of bone at the site of the attachment. As the inflammation subsides, a healing process takes place and new bone develops. Movement becomes restricted where bone replaces the elastic tissue of ligaments or tendons..
Kasini (Cichorium intybus) is a herb and root that has been known for its curative benefits since the first century A.D. It is a member of the Asteraceae family. The genus Cichorium contains eight or nine species, all native to Eurasia. The words Kasini, chicory, succory, Cichorium, and intybus are all derived from Greek or Latin names for the herb. .......
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