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What Are Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)?
Author: Alan Haburchak  | Posted: 29-02-2008 | Comments: 0 | Views: 16 | Rating: (57)  (?) 
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are mixtures of up to 209 individual chlorinated compounds (known as congeners). There are no known natural sources of PCBs since PCBs are no longer produced in the United States, but they are still found in the environment. PCBs are either oily liquids or solids that are colorless to light. Some PCBs can exist as a vapor in air. PCBs have no known smell or taste. Many commercial PCB mixtures are known in the U.S. by the trade name Aroclor. PCBs have been used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors and other electrical equipment because they don't burn easily and are good insulators.
The manufacture of PCBs was stopped in the U.S. in 1977 because of evidence that PCBs build up in the environment and could cause harmful health effects. Products made before 1977 that may contain PCBs include old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices containing PCB capacitors.
What happens to PCBs when they enter the environment?
PCBs entered air, water and soil during their manufacture, use and disposal; from accidental spills and leaks during their transport; and from leaks or fires in products containing PCBs. PCBs can still be released to the environment from hazardous waste sites; illegal or improper disposal of industrial wastes and consumer products; leaks from old electrical transformers containing PCBs; and burning of some wastes in incinerators. PCBs do not readily break down in the environment and thus may remain there for very long periods of time. PCBs can travel long distances in the air and be deposited in areas far away from where they were released.
In water, a small amount of PCBs may remain dissolved, but most stick to organic particles and bottom sediments. PCBs also bind strongly to soil. PCBs are taken up by small organisms and fish and they are also taken up by other animals that eat these aquatic animals as food. PCBs accumulate in fish and marine mammals, reaching levels that may be many thousands of times higher than in water.
How might I be exposed to PCBs?
Exposure to PCBs may occur if old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices and appliances, such as television sets and refrigerators, that were made 30 or more years ago, are used. These fixtures, devices, and appliances may leak small amounts of PCBs into the air when they get hot during operation and also could be a source of skin exposure.
People can be exposed to PCBs by eating contaminated food. The main dietary sources of PCBs are fish (especially sport fish caught in contaminated lakes or rivers), meat and dairy products. Breathing air near hazardous waste sites and drinking contaminated well water may also expose someone to PCBs. Employees may be exposed to PCBs. In the workplace during repair and maintenance of PCB transformers; accidents, fires or spills involving transformers, fluorescent lights and other old electrical devices; and disposal of PCB materials.
How can PCBs affect my health?
Health effects that have been associated with exposure to PCBs include acne-like skin conditions in adults and neurobehavioral and immunological changes in children. PCBs are known to cause cancer in animals.
The most commonly observed health effects in people exposed to large amounts of PCBs are skin conditions such as acne and rashes. Studies in exposed workers have shown changes in blood and urine that may indicate liver damage. PCB exposure in the general population is not likely to result in skin and liver effects. Most of the studies of health effects of PCBs in the general population examined children of mothers who were exposed to PCBs.
Animals that ate food containing large amounts of PCBs for short periods of time had mild liver damage and some died. Animals that ate smaller amounts of PCBs in food over several weeks or months developed various kinds of health effects, including anemia; acne-like skin conditions; and liver, stomach and thyroid gland injuries. Other effects of PCBs in animals include changes in the immune system, behavioral alterations, and impaired reproduction. PCBs are not known to cause birth defects.
How likely are PCBs to cause cancer?
Few studies of workers indicate that PCBs were associated with certain kinds of cancer in humans, such as cancer of the liver and biliary tract. Rats that ate food containing high levels of PCBs for two years developed liver cancer. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has concluded that PCBs may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens (substances that cause cancer). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have determined that PCBs are probably carcinogenic to humans.
Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to PCBs?
Tests exist to measure levels of PCBs in your blood, body fat, and breast milk, but these are not routinely conducted. Most people normally have low levels of PCBs in their body because nearly everyone has been environmentally exposed to PCBs. The tests can show if your PCB levels are elevated, which would indicate past exposure to above-normal levels of PCBs, but cannot determine when or how long you were exposed or whether you will develop health effects.
Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health from exposure to PCBs?
The EPA has set a limit of 0.0005 milligrams of PCBs per liter of drinking water (0.0005 mg/L). Discharges, spills, or accidental releases of 1 pound or more of PCBs into the environment must be reported to the EPA. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that infant foods, eggs, milk and other dairy products, fish and shellfish, poultry, and red meat contain no more than 0.2-3 parts of PCBs per million (0.2-3 ppm). Many states have established fish and wildlife consumption advisories for PCBs.
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FlowCytometry Software Sales through Universities & ISAC CONGRESS
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I noticed while Browsing through GOOGLE that Timothy Bushnell the NEW ISAC CONGRESS Biological Councilor has a FlowJo MONTH at UR CPBR Flow Lab University of Rochester Office. What are the Requirements For a University to Start a FlowJo Month? UR_CYTOMETRY Archives October 2007 Options:Show Author | Hide Author Show Table of Contents | Hide Table of Contents Join or Leave UR_CYTOMETRYSearch ArchivesSubject From Date Size2nd call - Fall Flowjo order Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 09:29:13 -0400256 linesCytometry Series lecture (10/11/2007) Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 09:30:09 -0400309 linesFall Flowjo order Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Mon, 1 Oct 2007 09:30:27 -0400242 linesFlocyte regional training program Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 15:02:21 -04002016 linesImaging Cytometry 'Wetlab" Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 31 Oct 2007 14:10:02 -0400266 linesImaging Cytometry Wetlab Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 31 Oct 2007 14:30:22 -0400221 linesLast call - Fall Flowjo order Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 17 Oct 2007 10:55:56 -0400284 linesLympholyte free to a good home Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 17 Oct 2007 08:52:40 -0400206 linesReminder 1 pm today "Imaging Cytometry" Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Thu, 25 Oct 2007 08:15:20 -0400231 linesReminder: 1 pm today: Flow Cytometry Lecture Series. Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Thu, 11 Oct 2007 09:19:48 -0400214 linesToday is the last day to join the Flowjo bulk order Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Fri, 19 Oct 2007 10:11:08 -0400209 linesUpcoming lecture and future events Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 23 Oct 2007 09:23:59 -0400341 linesBack to: Main UR_CYTOMETRY PageLISTS.ROCHESTER.EDUShow Table of Contents | Hide Table of ContentsJoin or Leave UR_CYTOMETRYSearch ArchivesSubject Sorted by Subject, Chronologically From Date Size2nd call - Fall Flowjo orderBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 09:29:13 -0400256 linesCytometry Series lecture (10/11/2007)Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 09:30:09 -0400309 linesFall Flowjo orderBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Mon, 1 Oct 2007 09:30:27 -0400242 linesFlocyte regional training programBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 15:02:21 -04002016 linesImaging Cytometry 'Wetlab"Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 31 Oct 2007 14:10:02 -0400266 linesImaging Cytometry WetlabBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 31 Oct 2007 14:30:22 -0400221 linesLast call - Fall Flowjo orderBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 17 Oct 2007 10:55:56 1 day ago Subject:Reminder: Today 1 pm - Flowjo Seminar on Compensation and TransformationFrom:"Bushnell, Timothy" <[log in to unmask]>Reply-To:Cytometry <[log in to unmask]>, Bushnell, TimothyDate:Fri, 11 Jan 2008 10:31:11 -0500Content-Type:multipart/alternativeP... Parts/AttachmentsColleagues: Dr. John Quinn, applications scientist from Treestar, will be presenting web based seminar Friday January 11th at 1 pm on KMRB 3-9624 on Compensation and Transformation All are welcome. RegardsTim Timothy Bushnell, Ph.D.Research Assistant Professor, Pediatrics and OncologyCo-Director, URMC Flow Cytometry FacilityOffice: 585-273-5535Lab: 585-273-1361Fax: 585-276-0233http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Aab/genepe... _Subject:Reminder: Today 1 pm - Flowjo Seminar on Compensation and TransformationFrom:"Bushnell, Timothy" <[log in to unmask]>Reply-To:Cytometry <[log in to unmask]>, Bu 1 day ago October 2007Options:Show Author | Hide AuthorShow Table of Contents | Hide Table of ContentsJoin or Leave UR_CYTOMETRYSearch ArchivesSubject Sorted by Subject, Chronologically From Date Size2nd call - Fall Flowjo orderBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 09:29:13 -0400256 linesCytometry Series lecture (10/11/2007)Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 09:30:09 -0400309 linesFall Flowjo orderBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Mon, 1 Oct 2007 09:30:27 -0400242 linesFlocyte regional training programBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 9 Oct 2007 15:02:21 -04002016 linesImaging Cytometry 'Wetlab"Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 31 Oct 2007 14:10:02 -0400266 linesImaging Cytometry WetlabBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 31 Oct 2007 14:30:22 -0400221 linesLast call - Fall Flowjo orderBushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 17 Oct 2007 10:55:56 -0400 1 day ago Thanks > > Tim > > > > Timothy Bushnell, Ph.D. > > Research Assistant Professor, ... Justin, We're working hard to finalize FlowJo Collectors' Edition, ...mycyte.org/index.php?option=com_newsfe... - 133k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this 1 day ago PDF] Tree StarFile Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTMLData Analysis/Presentation ? Tim Bushnell & Ryan Duggan ..... Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, West Lafayette, IN ...www.gliifca.org/pdf/GLIIFCA-2004.pdf - Similar pages - Note this 1 day ago Purdue Cytometry Mailing List: FW: Second Announcment: WNYFUG 2From : Bushnell, Timothy <Timothy_Bushnell@URMC.Rochester.edu> ... is sponsored by Treestar, and the best poster will win a 1 year subscription to Flowjo! ...www.cyto.purdue.edu/hmarchiv/2006/1019... - 9k - Cached - Similar pages - Note thisPurdue Cytometry Mailing List: By DateRE: FCS files to Excel with Diva or FlowJo Ashley Carter. Thu Mar 13 2008 - 18:25:41 EDT ..... New email list for Imagestream users Bushnell, Timothy ...www.cyto.purdue.edu/hmarchiv/Current/ - 248k - Cached - Similar pages - Note thisMore results from www.cyto.purdue.edu » 1 day ago Subject:Flowjo purchase 2007From:"Bushnell, Timothy" <[log in to unmask]>Reply-To:Cytometry <[log in to unmask]>Date:Tue, 3 Apr 2007 14:55:23 -0400Content-Type:multipart/alternativeP... text/plain (56 lines) , text/html (129 lines) Content-Type: text/html Colleagues: As you know, I have organized a yearly purchase for Flowjo, a flow cytometry data analysis package. If you are not familiar with this software, you can find information at http://www.flowjo.com/home/overview.html... A single seat (dongle/license) is $1325. We start to get additional discounts when we order more than 5 dongles. I have been approached by several labs interested in purchasing new copies of the software, so I am starting to organize another bulk purchase for this spring. If your lab is interested please email me privately with the number of dongles you wish to purchase and an account number to charge the purchase. I will start the paperwork on 16 April, so please get your information to 1 day ago me promptly. Regards,Tim Timothy Bushnell, Ph.D.Research Assistant Professor, Pediatrics and OncologyDirector, CPBR Flow LabUniversity of RochesterOffice: 585-273-5535Lab: 585-273-1361Fax: 585-276-0233http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Aab/genepe... ____UR_Cytometry______Subscribers Corner_____ http://listserv.urmc.rochester.edu 1 day ago Subject:Fall Flowjo orderFrom:"Bushnell, Timothy" <[log in to unmask]>Reply-To:Cytometry <[log in to unmask]>, Bushnell, TimothyDate:Mon, 1 Oct 2007 09:30:27-0400Content-Type:multipart/alte... text/plain (52 lines) , text/html (128 lines) Content-Type: text/html Colleagues: As in the past, I am organizing a bulk order for copies of the flow cytometry analysis software package Flowjo, produced by Treestar, Inc. You can find details on this software are www.flowjo.com. The base cost will be $1325 per copy + shipping ($18/#copies ordered). I can usually arrange additional discounts when we order greater than 5 copies. If you are interested, please send me the number of copies you are interested in, the PI?s name, and an account number before October 15th. RegardsTim Timothy Bushnell, Ph.D.Research Assistant Professor, Pediatrics and OncologyDirector, CPBR Flow LabUniversity of RochesterOffice: 585-273-5535Lab: 585-273-1361Fax: 1 day ago Subject:Reminder: Flowjo seminar today 1-3 pmFrom:"Bushnell, Timothy" <[log in to unmask]>Reply-To:Cytometry <[log in to unmask]>, Bushnell, TimothyDate:Thu, 12 Jul 2007 06:35:42 -0400Content-Type:multipart/alternativeP... text/plain (34 lines) , text/html (108 lines) Content-Type: text/html You are invited to attend a free FlowJo Seminar on July 12, 2007 from 1 to 3 PM presented by John Quinn from Tree Star, Inc. The seminar will be held in MRB 3.9654, Schwartz West Conference Room. Seating is on a first come first serve basis. John will be available to answer your questions. This seminar has been arranged in conjunction with the July 11th, WNYFUG 2007. Timothy Bushnell, Ph.D.Research Assistant Professor, Pediatrics and OncologyDirector, CPBR Flow LabUniversity of RochesterOffice: 585-273-5535Lab: 585-273-1361Fax: 1 day ago ISAC E-News -- June, 2007 - MamboJun 8, 2007 ... You also may contact the President, Dr. Tim Bushnell, ... Adam Treister introduced possibilities of integrating these with FlowJo. ...www.isac-net.org/content/view/593/119/ - 53k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this[PDF] ISAC E-NewsFile Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTMLthe President, Dr. Tim Bushnell, at Timothy_Bushnell@URMC.rochester.edu. ... introduced possibilities of integrating these with FlowJo. ...www.zangani.com/files/2007-0608-ISAC_E... - Similar pages - Note this--------------------------------------... 1 day ago Subject:Reminder: Spring Flowjo orderFrom:"Bushnell, Timothy" <[log in to unmask]>Reply-To:Cytometry <[log in to unmask]>, Bushnell, TimothyDate:Fri, 14 Mar 2008 12:21:24 -0400Content-Type:multipart/alternativeP... text/plain (50 lines) , text/html (121 lines) Content-Type: text/html Colleagues: Is your lab in need of a new flowjo dongle? I am again coordinating a bulk purchase of flowjo dongles. The academic price is $1495 a dongle. In the past, the price breaks start at 3 dongles and go up from there. If your lab is interested in purchasing a dongle, please email me directly the name of the PI, an account number to charge, and the number of dongles you wish to purchase by March 17th. Tim Timothy Bushnell, Ph.D.Research Assistant Professor, Pediatrics and OncologyCo-Director, URMC Flow Cytometry FacilityOffice: 585-273-5535Lab: 585-273-1361Cell: 585-690-5157Fax: 585-276- 1 day ago Show Author | Hide Author Show Table of Contents | Hide Table of Contents Join or Leave UR_CYTOMETRYSearch ArchivesSizeFeedback requested on Flowjo web seminars Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 23 Jan 2008 13:24:34 -0500291 linesHIC Lab 11 Color LSRII Matthew Cochran <[log in to unmask]>Mon, 28 Jan 2008 15:02:11 -050025 linesHIC Lab LSRII Users Matthew Cochran <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 23 Jan 2008 17:55:41 -050025 lines 1 day ago Imagestream Interest Group Meeting/Training 11-15 February, 2008 Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Meeting/Training 11-15 February, 2008 Palmer, Elise <[log in to unmask]>Tue, 8 Jan 2008 10:46:10 -0500197 linesImageStream Workshop - Feb 11-15th, 2008, RPCI, Buffalo, NY Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Thu, 31 Jan 2008 14:35:42 -050010969 linesJanuary is Flowjo month at URMC Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 2 Jan 2008 09:46:58 -0500244 linesReminder: 1 pm - Flowjo Seminar Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Fri, 4 Jan 2008 10:12:35 -0500193 linesReminder: Friday 1 pm - Flowjo Seminar on Compensation and Transformation Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 9 Jan 2008 11:20:29 -0500214 linesReminder: Friday 1 pm - Flowjo Seminar on DNA Analysis and Cell Proliferation Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>Wed, 16 Jan 2008 09:59:37 -0500220 linesReminder: Today 1 pm - 1 day ago Bushnell, Timothy - MamboMar 6, 2008 ... arrow ISAC Election 2008 arrow Bushnell, Timothy ... Timothy (Tim) Bushnell - candidate for Biological Councilor. Tim Bushnell ...www.isac-net.org/index.php?option=cont... - 17k - Cached - Similar pages - Note thisWelcome to the ISAC! - MamboAt the recent ISAC XIII congress held in Quebec City in 2006, ISAC organized the first in a series of workshops focusing on Topics in Multicolor ...www.isac-net.org/ - 52k - Cached - Similar pages - Note thisMore results from www.isac-net.org »From: FloCyte Associates, INC ..Purdue Cytometry Mail List ISAC ...- Jul 8 Purdue Cytometry Mail List ISAC Congress Cost of Meeting if the membership is aware that .... Next message: Bushnell, Timothy: "Statement from T. Bushnell, ...groups.google.com/group/misc.health.ai... - 50k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this 1 day ago ou are not ...If you are not a member of ISAC, I would especially like to hear from you, especially why you are not a member. Many regards. Tim Bushnell ...groups.google.com/group/misc.health.ai... - 39k - Cached - Similar pages - Note thisMore results from groups.google.com » 1 day ago LISTSERV 15.5 - UR_CYTOMETRY Archives - November 2007Bushnell, Timothy <[log in to unmask]>. Tue, 20 Nov 2007 07:03:02 -0500. 374 lines. ISAC 2008 CONGRESS ORAL ABSTRACT & STUDENT TRAVEL AWARD DEADLINE IS ...https://lists.rochester.edu/wa.exe?A1=in... - 27k - Cached - Similar pages - Note thisPurdue Cytometry Mailing List: Re: ISAC Congress - Cheap AccommoRe: ISAC Congress - Cheap Accommodation- going fast ... RAJA ALAMELU: "Serum Bank"; Previous message : Bushnell, Timothy: "Help with old coulter counter" ...www.cyto.purdue.edu/hmarchiv/2006/0256... - 10k - Cached - Similar pages - Note thisIs this Collusion on the Purdue Cytometry Mail List on Yedda ...- 4 visits - 1:56pm Timothy Bushnell, Ph.D. Director, CPBR ... Contemporary messages ...... Should ISAC Congress President Prevent Certain Conversations on the Mail List ...yedda.com/questions/Collusion_Purdue_C... - 651k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this
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