History, Evolution and Development of Computer

The evolution of computers goes long back ago and its very interesting as well as quite important for understanding the working of computer.

Long back about 4ooB.c first every computing instrument was developed which can add and subtract. graduaklly afterwards there was importance of an computing instrument. pascal first computer came in 1642and other scientist loike napiers and leibnitz done significant work in this field which eventually led to present day computer. MARK-1 was the first modern computer. British mathematician AUGUSTA ADA BYRON was the first ever programmer. BASIC was introduced in 1965. IBM pc was introduced in 1981. First graphical computer "MAC" came in 1984 and microsoft was introduced in 1985. windows 3.1 become most popular in 1992 bthe first general computer was ENIAC( ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR). JOHN VON NEUMAN gave the concept of stored program.

COMPUTER GENERATIONS:-

1st GENERATION:- It started in 1950 with appearance of UNIVAC-1. in this generation vacuum tubes were used, and there memory were made of thin tubes of liquid mercury and magnetic drums. computer uses the stored program concept in this period. the idea was to store the program in separate memory but since the vacuum tubes were very costly so it discouraged the manufacturers to use it and instead they electrostatic memories. the speed of this age of computers was very slow as compared today and size was very large(about two rooms) also it required large cooling towers as there was lot of heat produced by vacuum tubes. the cost was so high that it was almost impossible for general people to afford it.

2nd GENERATION:- the greatest problem of the computers was such a big size and slow processing. a revolutionary technology known as transistor was being introduced in this era. transistor replaced the vacuum tubes and it used ferrite core as memory. the size was considerably reduced but was still about(half a room). generally germanium semiconductor was used which was more reliable and faster.in this period HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE, COBOL, FORTRAN AND ALGOL were developed. greater reliability and faster processing led to development of the OPERATING SYSTEM.

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