anthropological and socioeconomic studies of agricultural pratices of uri,baramullah,kashmir

<h1>anthropological and socioeconomic studies of agricultural pratices of uri,baramullah,kashmir</h1>Author: <a title="PROF GHULAM MOHYUDDIN WANI" href="http://www.articlesbase.com/authors/prof-ghulam-mohyuddin-wani/209630.htm">PROF GHULAM MOHYUDDIN WANI</a>   ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN URI TEHSIL OF BARAMULAAH DISTRIC Prof ghulam mohyuddin wani  conceived and developed the concept note which was executed through the following composite team of  experts and NGoS                                                                         S. No. Name Designation <ol> <li> </li> <li>Mr. Abdul Majid Tantray                                                                    </li> </ol>   Asstt. Prof.Extension (DEE) <ol> <li> </li> <li>Dr. Raihana                                                                          </li> </ol>   Asstt. Prof.(Agronomy,DEE) <ol> <li> </li> <li>Dr.Harinder Singh                                                               </li> </ol>   Asstt.Prof.(Agronomy,DEE) <ol> <li> </li> <li>Dr. D.Ram                                                                           </li> </ol>   Asstt. Prof.(Soils at DEE) <ol> <li> </li> <li>Mrs. Nasreen Jahan                                                                                                             </li> <li>Asstt. Prof.(Home Science,DEE)         <ol> <li> </li> <li>Mrs. Farahnaz Rasool                                                           </li> </ol></li> </ol>         Asstt.Prof.(Plant Pathology,DEE). <ol> <li> </li> <li>Miss.Rafiya Munshi                                                            </li> </ol>   SMS (Home Science,DEE) <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mrs. Beenish Shakeel SMS (Home Science,DEE) <ol> <li> </li> <li>Mr. Mushtaq ahamad                                                            </li> </ol>   Photographer(DEE) <ol> <li> </li> <li>Dr. Sheikh Muzaffar                                                           </li> </ol>   Prog,Coordinator KVKBaramulla <ol> <li> </li> <li>Dr.S.R.Singh                                                                        </li> <li>Asstt. Prof.(Pomology)                                                                      <ol> <li> </li> <li>Dr. Qazi Altaf Hussain                                                         </li> </ol></li> </ol>         Asstt. Prof. FMAP <ol> <li> </li> <li>Dr. Kousar Parveen                                                             </li> </ol>   Asstt. Prof.(Olericulture) <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Dr. M. A. Chatoo Asstt. Prof. (Olericulture) <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Dr. Tariq Ahmed Shah Asstt. Prof. (Plant Pathology) <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Dr. Khurshid Ahmad Assitt. Prof. (Plant Pathology) <ol> <li> </li> <li>Mr.Muzaffar Hussain Dar                                                    </li> </ol>   SDAO Uri <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Mohd. Qasim SMS, Uri <ol> <li> </li> <li>Mr. Manzoor Ahamad                                                          </li> </ol>   AEO Uri <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. M. Latief Khan AEO, Uri <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mrs. Tasneem Kouser AEO, Chandenwari <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Jatinderjit Singh Agric. Assitt. Boniyar <ol> <li> </li> <li>Mr. Rafiq Ahamad                                                                </li> </ol>   Deptt. of Fisheries <ol> <li> </li> <li></li> </ol>   F.S.Fisheries <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Manzoor Ahmed Peer HDO, Uri <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Dr. Anwar Hussain VAS, Uri <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Miss. Sudbeer Kaur LA, Uri <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Assadullah Aziz APO, Aga Khan Foundation <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Moulvi Manzoor Farmer, Isham <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Manzoor Ahmad Teacher, Limber <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Zahid Ahmad Teacher , Limber <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Gh. Qadir Dar Master II, Limber <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. M. Ramzan Nazar Farmer, Limber <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Gh. Qadir Lone Farmer, Limber <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mr. Syed Rafiq Hussain Sarpanch, Noorkah 36-59. Isham Farmers Group  (24 Rrespondents) 60-80. Limber Farmers Group (21 Respondents) 81-95. Noorkhah Farmers Groups (15 Respondents) 96-110. Chandanwari Women Group (15 Respondents) <h3> </h3>     I- INTRODUCTION Uri is one of the Tehsils of district Baramulla spread over an area of 25192 hectares with a population of 104159 persons which comprises of 54989 males and 49170 females. It lies in the North-Western parts of district Baramulla at 73o 59’ 18.26 E and divided in two administrative blocks viz: Uri and Boniyar having 33 Panchayat halquas with a number of 90 villages. The Tehsil is well demarcated in sub tropical and temperate agro-climatic zones, where summer temperature average goes up to 360 C and occasionally falls below 00 C in sub-tropical areas.  It is surrounded by lofty mountains with deep ravines, terraced land and is one of the boarder Tehsil near LOC.  The river Jehlum is flowing through the area and is the major source of Hydroelectric Power production of the J&K State. The population is mostly settled on mountain terrains and scattered in small Hamlets with low population density and poor road connectivity. Altitude of the area varies from 1100 meters to 2200 meters.  Farmers are having small size of land holdings on these terraces. The farming in the area is dominated by growing of crops like maize, paddy, wheat, oats, pulses (mostly rajmash), both as irrigated and rain fed. Among the vegetables both Rabi and kharief vegetables are grown in the small kitchen gardens for the domestic purposes only. However, growing of field peas and potato in some of the villages for commercial purposes have developed keen interest among some farmers based on their rich experiences. Generally, in higher altitude belts mono cropping and at lower belts double cropping is in practice at many places. High altitude hills are covered with Pine and Deodar trees and at foothills there is a scanty vegetation of trees like pear, walnut, peach, apple, olive, lemon, and wild apricot etc. The fruit trees are scattered and as such hardly any orchard can be seen in the area. Further, they are with out any layout and are mismanaged. The number of fruit trees (local cultivars/ wild) varied from 8-10 trees per house hold. Naturally tall walnut trees and uncared pear trees are seen in good numbers in the area and on interaction people report meager yields. Livestock population consists of keeping of 1-2 cattle (local/ cross bred cows, bulls, buffaloes). Sheep, goat and poultry are also reared at domestic level with the indigenous breed and methods. The reported sheep and goat population is 81940 and 27390 respectively and mostly does not exceed 3-4 numbers per household. Cross breeding exists up to some extent in sheep only. Indigenous poultry birds few in number for domestic purposes is a common practice with some of the farm families. Traditional method of bee keeping is still in practice in some village hamlets. Generally, the people are economically backward and the situation becomes further aggravated due to low productivity, unemployment / underemployment, lack of communication and basic facilities such as education and health. Majority of the people suffer from malnutrition and under nutrition and the worst hit group is children and women. Most of the aged women are illiterate and are suffering from orthopedic problem to a large extent. Further, the mothers were not equipped with health related information such as proper timely immunization schedule for their children.   II-METHODOLOGY   The reorganization process of extension system has lead to the establishment of three ATMAs (agricultural technology and management agencies) in three districts and a SAMETI (State agriculture management extension training institute) in Jammu & Kashmir. The Director Extension Education SKAUST-K is also looking after as Director SAMETI. In order to prepare SREP for the agro-climatic zones of the valley, training programmes and conducting of PRA has now been a regular feature of the SAMETI activities. It is in this connection that Director SAMETI instructed to prepare a Strategic Research and Extension Plan (SREP) through PRA techniques by deputing multidisciplinary team of experts /scientists of SKUAST-K to Uri tehsil of district Baramulla from 16th to 21st of July 2007.  The team comprised of scientists/ experts from Extension Education, Agronomy, Pomology, Soil Science, Floriculture, Home Science, Plant protection and Olericulture. The team along with KVK Programme Coordinator, Baramulla proceeded to Uri on 16th July 2007 from Shalimar Campus and on reaching Uri started working on the assignment.   1. Rapport Building   In order to have a brief idea about the climatic conditions, natural resources, ecology, needs of farming community and opportunities etc. prior to make a plan of PRA the team first of all visited to the office of SDAO, Uri of Development Department.    An interaction meeting was arranged with the officers and field functionaries of development departments, NGOs, scientists and farmers of the locality and gathered some important information on the above aspects.  This interaction meeting was also helpful in deciding the representative villages for PRA according to the agro-ecological situations. In each representative village group of farmers of different ages were gathered in the schools / central places of the villages and they were taken in to confidence through informal discussions. Some ideas were exchanged and slowly the discussion was diverted towards the farming allied issues. The groups were convinced and readily shared the required information.               2. Conducting of PRA   For the purpose of SREP, the Tehsil was divided in to three agro –ecological situations (AES) mainly on the basis of altitude because tehsil. Uri comprises of prominent high and low altitude belts with entirely different cropping pattern.   The various AESs as identified are given below. S.No. Name Situation Representative village Altitude 1 AES-1 Sub-tropical Isham 1300m amsl 2 AES-2 Temperate Limber 1800m amsl 3 AES-3 Sub-temperate Noorkhah 1420m amsl          3. Transect Walk   After the selection of three representative villages the team along with the villagers had a transect walk of each village to acquaint themselves with the village resources and its boundaries.                4. Mapping   Some of the farmers were requested to draw map of the each village using the materials like drawing sheets, pencils, erasers, etc. provided by the resource personnel. While others were encouraged to make correction where ever they felt the need. Through his exercise the team achieved the social and resource mapping of the village.       5. Wealth ranking   Wealth ranking was done by direct and indirect questioning of the farmers on the basis of gross income /month / household without hurting their sentiments and accordingly two income groups i.e. resource rich and resource poor were identified in each village. The number of lower income groups /resource poor with an income up to Rs 2000/month is the basis of consideration.   6. Existing farming system   To know the existing farming systems, different farming enterprises with their contribution and combination being followed were critically analyzed and identified. The farming systems differ according to agro–ecological situations.   7. Gap Analysis    Gap analysis was done on the basis of recommended farming situation based extension. The recommended practice was compared with the existing practice and extent of gap evaluated. The specific reasons for the gap were enquired and the farmers were encouraged to propose strategies for filling the gaps. On the basis of above findings SREP has been formulated for the representative village.             III - GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE REPRESENTATIVE VILLAGES AND THEIR SREP   Isham Village   <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Resource (Income groups)   S.No Income group (Rupees/Month) No of Families Percentage 1 Up to  8000 113 62.78 2 8001-12000 45 25.00 3 More than 12000 22 12.22   Total 180 100 %                                                        Wealth Ranking   S.No Category No of Families Percentage 1 Resource poor 106 58.89 2 Resource Rich 74 41.11   Total 180 100.00                                               Existing Farming Enterprise   S.No Enterprise No. of households Percentage 1 Agriculture 159 88.5 2 Horticulture 125 69.5 3 Animal Husbandry 122 68.0 4 Sheep Husbandry 54 30.0 5 Poultry Keeping 104 58.0                                                    Existing Farming System   S.No Existing Farming system No. of households Percentage 1. Agriculture + Horticulture+ Animal Husbandry 94 52.0 2. Agriculture + Horticulture+ Poultry Keeping 54 30.0 3. Agriculture + Horticulture+ Sheep Husbandry 32 18.0   Total 180 100.0                           Contribution of different enterprises (%)   Enterprise-wise gaps in adoption and proposed extension strategies of the selected villages   AES-1       Village- Isham,  Altitude- 1300m amsl, Tehsil- Uri, A) Agriculture S. No. Item of package Recommended Practices Existing practices Gap in adoption Specific reason for gap Farmers proposed extension strategies 1 Paddy i seed rate 50-60kg/ha 100-120kg/ha partial -Risk coverage against availability of seed, water, weed and bird damage etc. -Training cum demonstration on handling farmers own seeds, their treatment and use of inputs for taking healthy nursery. ii. variety Shalimar  rice-1,         Jehlum K-39 Chinese variety K-39 Partial -Non-availability of seed and technology of latest varieties -Demonstration cum training on latest released rice varieties, laying of OFT’s on successful cultivation of Basmati rice iii. transplanting time and  method appropriate time is 25th may-10 June with 3-4 seedlings/ hill First fortnight of June and planting 8-10 seedlings /hill Partial -For coverage of seasonal risks and get more plant  population established in the field -OFT on sowing dates for commencement of exact week/date for transplanting and number of plants iv Fertilizer application (Urea,DAP,MOP) Urea-10kg, DAP6.5kg, MOP1.7kg/ kanal Urea5kg and DAP5kg/kanal Partial -Lack of awareness about the use of balanced dose of fertilizer. -Not available at the right time -Training cum demonstration on role and efficient use of fertilizer application. v Method of fertilizer application Basal + Top doses Using basal dose of the available fertilizers only   -do-   -do-   -do- vi Insect/ pest problems IPM Nil Full -lack of awareness in IPM -Facing the problem of grasshopper almost every year Training courses to be organized for insect/ pest control especially with reference to grasshopper vii Disease problem IDM Nil Full -Not aware about seed treatment and control measures about any disease -However, a good number of farmers reported occurrence of Blast in some fields -Orientation training programmes with regard to disease complex of the crop -Importance of seed treatment and method -Application of chemicals to control disease viii Yield 3-4 quintal/ kanal 1.3-1.6quintal/kanal Partial Lack of general awareness, training and availability of inputs about recommended rice production technology of the state Organizing  awareness camps and training programmes 2 Maize i variety Mansar, C-6, C-8 Local (Francece) Full -Unawareness -Showing preferences for growing white maize for their food Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes ii Seed rate 1 kg /kanal for line sowing and 1.5kg/kanal for broadcast 4-5 kg/kanal through broadcast only Partial -To ensure good plant population -More labour intensive Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area iii Fertilizer 7 kg urea, 6.5 kg DAP, 2.5 kg MOP and 1 kg ZnSo4/kanal Applying only urea @ 2 kg /kanal at knee high stage Partial Unawareness and non availability of the fertilizers Training on use of fertilizers for growth and development of iv Insect/pest /Diseases Control of cut-worm ,maize stem-borer and sheath blight Sowing more seed than the recommended seed rate Full Do not know about the type and use of chemicals Training on management /control of insect /pest/diseases v Yield 2.5-3 q/kanal 1-1.2 q/kanal Partial Growing of local cultivars only and no pest control Demonstration cum training on improved maize variety     3. Wheat i variety HS 240 Local Full -Unawareness   Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes ii Seed rate and method 5-6 kg/kanal in line sowing 8-10 kg/kanal through broadcast only Partial -To ensure good plant population - Lack of quality seed - No manual seed drill Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation. iii Seed treatment Carboxin @ 2g/kg of seed Nil Full -Unawareness Training cum demonstration on the Importance of seed treatment iv Yield 30-40 q/ha 10-12 q/ha partial - Use of local seed - Not popular crop but growing generally for fodder. -Popularization of wheat as food crop and its fitness in the rice-wheat system. Demonstration should also be conducted on the system. - Introduction of fodder crops (Oat, berseem etc.)                     B) Horticulture Pear, apricot, walnut low chill apple, olive and lemon are grown in the area. Pear and apricot, matures a month earlier than valley and fetch higher returns to the growers. Walnuts of the areas are not up to the mark due to higher temperature at maturity. Olive of best quality is grown in the area. Lemons are found growing in lower areas but are of poor quality. 1 Walnut S. No Packages Recommended Existing Gap (%) Reason for gap Farmers proposed strategy 1. Variety Hamdan, Sulaiman or better clonal selections Seedling  origin plants 100 Non availability of planting material and unawareness  To train some local unemployed youth to establish the nursery. 2 Spacing 8 x 8 No systematic planting of orchard 100 unawareness  and undulated lands - 3 Manure 20kg /Tree Nil - unawareness - 4 Fertilizer Urea-3915g DAP-1085g MOP-2490g nil - unawareness Needs awareness programme 5 Pest and disease management Spray of insecticide and fungicides Nil- but walnut weevil is the major problem. - unawareness Needs awareness programme 6 Irrigation Required Nil – though plenty of water is available.   unawareness Need awareness programme 2. Pear 1. Variety Bartlet, Max red Bartlet, Chinese sand pear,  Bartlet, William Bartlet 50 Lack of new introduction Introduction of high yielding coloured varieties 2 Spacing 6 x 6 No systematic planting of orchard 100 unawareness  and undulated lands - 3 Manure 20 /Tree Nil - unawareness - 4 Fertilizer Urea-1065g DAP-650g MOP-1500g Nil - unawareness Needs awareness programme 5 Pest and disease management Spray of insecticide and fungicides Nil - unawareness Needs awareness programme 6 Irrigation Required Nil – though plenty of water is available.   unawareness Need awareness programme 3. Apricot           1. Variety Charmagz , Kaisa, Gilgiti sweet,Amba, Quetta, Sukerpara Unidentified  varieties 50 Lack of new introduction Introduction of high yielding varieties 2 Spacing 6 x6 No systematic planting of orchard 100 unawareness  and undulated lands - 3 Manure 10 /Tree Nil - unawareness - 4 Fertilizer Urea-850g DAP-325g MOP-11250g Nil - unawareness Needs awareness programme 5 Pest and disease management Spray of insecticide and fungicides Nil - unawareness Needs awareness programme 6 Irrigation Required Nil – though plenty of water is available.   unawareness Need awareness programme 4. Olive           1. Variety Leccino, Coratina, Pendolino Frontoio Ramya, Nikitshaya Leccino, Coratina, Pendolino Frontoio 50 Lack of lack of high oil yielding varieties like Ramya, Nikitshaya Introduction of high oil yielding varieties 2 Spacing 6 x6 No systematic planting of orchard 100 unawareness  and undulated lands - 3 Manure 20 /Tree Nil - unawareness - 4 Fertilizer 1.2kgN 0.80kgP2O5 0.40 k2O Applying only N in form of Urea 80 unawareness Needs awareness programme 5 Pest and disease management Spray of insecticide and fungicides Nil - unawareness Needs awareness programme 6 Irrigation Required Nil – though plenty of water is available.   unawareness Need awareness programme   There is a large wild vegetation of Indian olive (Olea cuspidata) which may be rejuvenated through top working of high yielding varieties. Lemons are growing in lower areas are of poor quality and there is a good chance for introduction of kinnow in the area for economic production. Allison and Abbott varieties of kiwifruit and day neutral straw berry can also be introduced for crop diversification.     C) Vegetables   S.No Packages Recommended Existing Gap Reason for gap Farmers proposed strategy Kharief Vegetables 1. Kharif vegetables and varieties Cole crops, cucurbits, Solaneaceous and beans etc. with different high yielding varieties. growing only few selected vegetables like kale, cucumber, bottle gourd, chillies brinjal tomato and potatoes using local seeds Partial - Unawareness  about growing of vegetables using modern technologies -  Lack of improved / high yielding varieties of vegetable seed Creating awareness by organizing camps and training programmes on Kharif vegetables 2. Nursery raising of vegetables Open, Hot bed and polyhouse technologies Growing nursery in open beds. Partial -  Unawareness and lack of knowledge about other methods   Organizing of training programmes for vegetable nursery management 3. Level of Cultivation Domestic and commercial Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards Partial -  Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home. 4. Plant protection Seed treatment and IPM Not undertaking any plant protection measure and face problems of cut worms, borers and wilt in chillies. Full -  Lack of knowledge and method of controlling the vegetable disease and pests Training cum demonstration on IPM in vegetables 5. Use of FYM and Fertilizers Use of sufficient quantity of well decomposed FYM and balanced dose of fertilizers Using only FYM and a little quantity of urea partial -  Lack of knowledge and non availability of in puts. Organizing a training programme on Integrated Nutrient Management in vegetales Rabi Vegetables 1. Rabi vegetables and varieties Root, leafy, bulbs and tuber vegetables Growing only selected vegetables like Kale, turnip and radish Partial -  Generally unaware about the Rabi vegetables and root vegetables not growing well Awareness cum training programme on cultivation of Rabi vegetables 2. Level of cultivation Domestic and commercial Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards Partial -  Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home. 3. Post Harvest Various post harvest technologies for vegetables Following only natural sun drying methods in some vegetables Partial -  Lack of knowledge about various post harvest technologies Training programmes related to post harvest technologies may be organized.   D) Livestock (Cattle, sheep, goat and poultry)   S.No Item Recommended Existing Gap Reason for gap Farmers proposed strategy 1. Breed 1. Cattle         2. Sheep & Goat   cross-bred         cross-bred   Local and cross-bred       Local and cross-bred   Partial         Partial   - Lack of AI facilities and repeated heat in most of the animals Lack of breeding rams   Intensification of cross-bred programme     Training programme on organizing viable sheep and goat units 2 Feed Fodder and concentrate ration Mostly Fodder Partial unawareness  about the feeding schedule -Training on feeding schedule of animals 3. Health Regular dosing and vaccination Nil Full Lack of knowledge about animal diseases and their control Training programme on Management of prominent diseases like FMD in cattle, foot rot and skin problems in sheep. 4.  Milk yield 10-15 litres/day/cow 3-5 litres/day/cow Partial local breed and management Awareness camp on Scientific animal rearing for higher yields and returns. 5. Poultry 1. Breed           2. Feed               3. Health                 4. General Management   Broilar (COBB), Vanraja       Recommended balanced concentrate ration as per age and type       Regular dosing and vaccination               Recommended scientific practices   Local           Mostly feeding on household wastes         Nil                 Practicing indigenous methods (Backyard poultry)   Full           Full               Full                 Partial   Unawareness and Non-availability of germplasm   Lack of knowledge about balanced feeding and their preparation   Lack of knowledge about poultry diseases and their control         Commercial poultry units are costly and risky   Introduction of new breeds like Vanraja etc.     Training programme on Poultry feeds and feeding schedule     Training programme on Management of prominent diseases like ranikhet and cocidiosis etc.   Popularizing poultry through establishment of demonstration units.       E) Home science   The survey data analysis reveals some useful results relating to the sex-wise demographic statistics, socio-economic conditions, source of income, occupational status, educational literacy, health conditions, living standards, agricultural status, horticultural practices, veterinary services, etc.   Health status of women and the facilities available   The women during house-to-house survey expressed that they cannot avail health facilities in the area and have to cover a long distance at the time of emergency, either to Baramulla or to Srinagar. Further, it was observed that the women above 30 years of age were mainly illiterate and only a small no of them were able to write their names. The women were not equipped with any health related information, even they were not aware of he proper immunization schedule for their children. No professional help was available in the area for facilitating deliveries of the pregnant women. They were also unaware of the birth control measures and the importance of balanced diet during pregnancy and lactation. The women above 45 years of age were suffering from bone and joint pain largely. However, anemia and malnutrition was common among the adolescent girls. Besides, some women also complained of the stomach problems. The percentage of commonly found diseases among the different age groups of the women in Isham village is given as.   Health status of women in Isham (percentage of disorders found)   S.No Health condition                 Females(age-group) 5-20 years 20-35 years Above 35 1 Normal Health 50 35 40 2 Malnutrition and anemia 45 40 24 3 Orthopedic Problem 2 25 65 4 Stomach Problem - 25 30   Health Status and Medical Facilities Availed by Pregnant women   The survey data reveals that only 15-20 %of pregnant women seek medical checkup from district hospitals, located at a long distance from the area. The 24-hour food recall method was also used to know about the nutritional intake of the women and it was found the food intake of these women was too low than the recommended allowances for the condition., thus leading to various disorders among them. An analysis of the data revealed that the pregnant and lactating women were malnourished, anemic and were suffering from the various diseases due imbalanced diets   Analysis of the main nutrient intake of the lactating mothers (Adult-moderate worker)   S.No    For lactating mothers K.cal Proteins(gms) Calcium(mg) 1 Recommended allowances/day 2725 70 1000 2 Nutrient intake /day 1945 43 685 3 Gap found/day -780 -27 -315   The data analysis shows that the diet taken every day by a pregnant woman is less in essential nutrients i.e.780 K.calories from carbohydrates and fats, 27 grams of proteins and 315 mg Calcium. Which in turn has resulted in the occurrence of various deficiencies among them and the incidences of anemia and malnutrition are increasing day by day in the area. These depleted intakes were found to be because of poor selection of foodstuffs on daily routine basis and the improper methods of cooking used.   Schooling Facilities   The area has one Govt. high school constructed by air force-India and has a primary school. All of the 24 families visited, used to send their children irrespective of sex to the school. However, it was found that the girls usually discontinue their studies after the Matric due to unavailability of the higher secondary school in the area and families do not prefer to send their wards to the far off places for the further studies. Besides, a private school was also present in the area. People also complained that they are not getting the private tuition facilities for their children.   Limber Village   The limber village of Boniyar block is one of the representative villages for temperate agro-eco situation of the region at an altitude of 1800 meters. The village is spread over an area of 394 ha of land and 170 ha are under different crops out of which only 86 ha have the irrigation facility. The major source of irrigation is Limber Nala flowing through the village, otherwise the remaining crops and area is rain fed. Due to difficult terrain and lack of irrigation facilities mono-cropping is mostly followed. Mostly Maize is grown as major food crop and paddy is rarely grown. The village comprises of Thirteen Patties (Hamlets) seven upper (choolan, saranwala, bela, babagale, brren/gujjar, budrali, langer) and six (haran, shahkoot, jamia masjid, kharhar, jungri, suchin) in lower parts of the Limber. The number of households is 480 with a total population of 3277 persons comprising of 1830 males and 1447 females. 835 persons have been categorized as schedule tribes. The family size ranges from 4-12 members per household.   Resource (Income groups)   S. No Income group (Rupees/Month) No of Families Percentage 1 Up to  8000 411 85.63 2 8001-12000 23 4.79 3 More than 12000 46 9.58   Total 480 100 .00   Wealth Ranking   S.No Category No of Families Percentage 1 Resource poor 398 82.92 2 Resource Rich 82 17.08   Total 480 100 .00   Existing Farming Enterprise   S. No Enterprise No. of households Percentage <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Agriculture 412 85.83 <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Horticulture 91 18.96 <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Animal Husbandry 137 28.54 <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Sheep Husbandry 63 13.13 <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Goat Rearing 91 18.96 <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Poultry Keeping 274 57.08 <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Bee Keeping 46 9.58 <ol> <li> </li> </ol> Mushroom 48 10.00   Existing Farming System   S. No Existing Farming system No. of households Percentage 1. Agriculture +Animal Husbandry+ Sheep Husbandry/ Goat Rearing 423 88.1 2. Agriculture + Horticulture + Poultry Keeping 57 11.9   Total 480 100%                                        Contribution of different enterprises (%)       AES-2     Village- Limber,  Altitude- 1800m amsl, Tehsil- Uri, S. No Item of package Recommended Practices Existing practices Gap in adoption Specific reason for gap Farmers proposed extension strategies A) Agriculture 1 Maize i variety C-15 Local (Double & Tramen) Full -Unawareness -Showing preferences for growing white maize for their food Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes ii Seed rate 1 kg /kanal for line sowing and 1.5kg/kanal for broadcast 5-6 kg/kanal through broadcast only Partial -To ensure good plant population -More labour intensive Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area iii Fertilizer 7 kg urea, 6.5 kg DAP, 2.5 kg MOP and 1 kg ZnSo4/kanal Applying only urea @ 3 kg /kanal at knee high stage and DAP @ 1kg/kanal as basal Partial Unawareness and non availability of the fertilizers Training on use of fertilizers for growth and development of iv Insect/ pest / Diseases Control of cut-worm ,maize stem-borer and sheath blight Sowing more seed than the recommended seed rate Full Do not know about the type and use of chemicals Training on management /control of insect /pest/diseases v Yield 2.5-3 q/kanal 2-2.2 q/kanal under irrigated and 0.7-1.0 q/kanal under unirrigated Partial Growing of local cultivars only and no pest control, Damage by bear and monkeys Demonstration cum training on improved maize variety 2. Rajmash i variety Bountiful, Master, Kentucky wonder Local (lal choti and safed) Full -Unawareness   Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes ii Seed rate Bush type- 4-5kg, pole type- 1.2-1.5 kg/kanal in line sowing 250g/ kanal in intercrop and 1kg/kanal for sole crop through broadcasting Partial -More labour intensive -Unawareness Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area                     B)        Horticulture   Only walnut is grown in these areas and have good quality due to lower temperature at time of maturity and play major role in the economy of the farmer of these areas. Though apple and pear can grow successfully but there may be the marketing problem due to poor transportation facilities.   S.No Packages Recommended Existing Gap (%) Reason for gap Farmers proposed strategy 1. Walnut 1. Variety Hamdan, Sulaiman or better clonal selections Seedling  origin plants 100 Non availability of planting material and unawareness  To train some local unemployed youth to establish the nursery. 2 Spacing 8 x8 No systematic planting of orchard 100 unawareness  and undulated lands - 3 Manure 20kg /Tree Nil - unawareness - 4 Fertilizer Urea-3915g DAP-1085g MOP-2490g Nil - unawareness Needs awareness programme 5 Pest and disease management Spray of insecticide and fungicides Nil- but walnut weevil is the major problem. - unawareness Needs awareness programme 6 Irrigation Required Nil – though plenty of water is available. - unawareness Need awareness programme   C) Vegetables   S.No Packages Recommended Existing Gap Reason for gap Farmers proposed strategy Kharief Vegetables 1. Kharif vegetables and varieties Cole crops, cucurbits, Solaneaceous and beans etc. with different high yielding varieties. growing only few selected vegetables like kale, cucumber, bottle gourd, chillies brinjal tomato and potatoes using local seeds Partial - Unawareness  about growing of vegetables using modern technologies -  Lack of improved / high yielding varieties of vegetable seed   Creating awareness by organizing camps and training programmes on Kharif vegetables 2. Nursery raising of vegetables Open, Hot bed and polyhouse technologies Growing nursery in open beds. Partial -  Unawareness and lack of knowledge about other methods   Organizing of training programmes for vegetable nursery management 3. Level of Cultivation Domestic and commercial Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards Partial -  Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home. 4. Plant protection Seed treatment and IPM Not undertaking any plant protection measure and face problems of cut worms, borers and wilt in chillies. Full -  Lack of knowledge and method of controlling the vegetable disease and pests Training cum demonstration on IPM in vegetables 5. Use of FYM and Fertilizers Use of sufficient quantity of well decomposed FYM and balanced dose of fertilizers Using only FYM and a little quantity of urea partial -  Lack of knowledge and non availability of in puts. Organizing a training programme on Integrated Nutrient Management in vegetales Rabi Vegetables 1. Rabi vegetables and varieties Root, leafy, bulbs and tuber vegetables Growing only selected vegetables like Kale, turnip and radish Partial -  Generally unaware about the Rabi vegetables and root vegetables not growing well Awareness cum training programme on cultivation of Rabi vegetables 2. Level of cultivation Domestic and commercial Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards Partial -  Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value -  Seed production of potato can be practiced Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home. Diversification through commercial seed production can be demonstrated on potato. 3. Post Harvest Various post harvest technologies for vegetables Following only natural sun drying methods in some vegetables Partial -  Lack of knowledge about various post harvest technologies Training programmes related to post harvest technologies may be organized.   D) Home science   Health status of women and facilities available The health standard of the population as a whole was not satisfactory and the women and children were most affected due to various disorders and deficiencies. The women were not equipped with any health related information, even they were not aware of the proper immunization schedule for their children. There was a primary health center but no professional help was available in the area for facilitating deliveries of the pregnant women and they have to go to the distant places for the emergency medical supervision. Besides, the nutritional awareness among the women was also weak. They had no knowledge regarding the selection of the nutritionally high value foodstuffs in different physiological conditions. Further, the cooking practices used by them were also false which had resulted in the loss of the essential nutrients. The deficiencies commonly found among the women of the Limber are anemia, malnutrition and arthritis. They need complete awareness regarding the importance of balanced diet in both normal and other conditions as the health standard was deteriorating day by day in the area. Educational status   The area had one high school, one middle school and few primary schools. They also had a facility of mobile schools in the area .The total literacy rate was 60% and no gender bias was observed among the families for providing education to their children. However, again here the same problem of dropout among the girls was found after the middle or the Matric due to non availability of the provisions for the higher studies. Noorkah Village   The village Noorkah of Boniyar block is one of the representative villages for sub-temperate agro-eco-situation of Uri region and was used for conducting PRA. The village is situated at an altitude of 1420m amsl on the foot hill of mountainous range and is opposite side of village Chandenwari on the Uri-Baramulla National highway.  The river Jhelum separates the two villages. The village is spread over an area of 65 hectares and irrigated through Nilossa- Noorkah and Noorkah general koul. Most of the cropped area is irrigated and facilitate double cropping. Major Kharif crops are rice and maize whereas in Rabi season wheat, oats, Sarson and berseem are grown. The area is having a high potential for vegetable cultivation. Pear and walnut are the main fruits of the area. The village comprises of four patties (hamlets) namely Khurmjar, Sadat mohalla, Khan mohalla and Ahnger mohalla. The total numbers of households are 300 with a population of 2450 persons comprising of 1300 males and 1150 females. The family size ranges from 4 – 12 members, however in few of the households the strength of family members exceeded than 12 members.About the Author: a long list enclosed at the top ghulam mohyuddin wani,majeed tantray,rehana khanth ,g m mir,and others enlisted in each sectionArticle Source: <a href="http://www.articlesbase.com/">ArticlesBase.com</a> - <a href="http://www.articlesbase.com/international-studies-articles/anthropological-and-socioeconomic-studies-of-agricultural-pratices-of-uribaramullahkashmir-1186988.html" title="anthropological and socioeconomic studies of agricultural pratices of uri,baramullah,kashmir">anthropological and socioeconomic studies of agricultural pratices of uri,baramullah,kashmir</a>

ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN URI TEHSIL OF BARAMULAAH DISTRIC

Prof ghulam mohyuddin wani conceived and developed the concept note which was executed through the following composite team of experts and NGoS

S. No.

Name

Designation

Mr. Abdul Majid Tantray

Asstt. Prof.Extension (DEE)

Dr. Raihana

Asstt. Prof.(Agronomy,DEE)

Dr.Harinder Singh

Asstt.Prof.(Agronomy,DEE)

Dr. D.Ram

Asstt. Prof.(Soils at DEE)

Mrs. Nasreen Jahan
Asstt. Prof.(Home Science,DEE)
2. Mrs. Farahnaz Rasool

Asstt.Prof.(Plant Pathology,DEE).

Miss.Rafiya Munshi

SMS (Home Science,DEE)

Mrs. Beenish Shakeel

SMS (Home Science,DEE)

Mr. Mushtaq ahamad

Photographer(DEE)

Dr. Sheikh Muzaffar

Prog,Coordinator KVKBaramulla

Dr.S.R.Singh
Asstt. Prof.(Pomology)
2. Dr. Qazi Altaf Hussain

Asstt. Prof. FMAP

Dr. Kousar Parveen

Asstt. Prof.(Olericulture)

Dr. M. A. Chatoo

Asstt. Prof. (Olericulture)

Dr. Tariq Ahmed Shah

Asstt. Prof. (Plant Pathology)

Dr. Khurshid Ahmad

Assitt. Prof. (Plant Pathology)

Mr.Muzaffar Hussain Dar

SDAO Uri

Mr. Mohd. Qasim

SMS, Uri

Mr. Manzoor Ahamad

AEO Uri

Mr. M. Latief Khan

AEO, Uri

Mrs. Tasneem Kouser

AEO, Chandenwari

Mr. Jatinderjit Singh

Agric. Assitt. Boniyar

Mr. Rafiq Ahamad

Deptt. of Fisheries

F.S.Fisheries

Mr. Manzoor Ahmed Peer

HDO, Uri

Dr. Anwar Hussain

VAS, Uri

Miss. Sudbeer Kaur

LA, Uri

Mr. Assadullah Aziz

APO, Aga Khan Foundation

Mr. Moulvi Manzoor

Farmer, Isham

Mr. Manzoor Ahmad

Teacher, Limber

Mr. Zahid Ahmad

Teacher , Limber

Mr. Gh. Qadir Dar

Master II, Limber

Mr. M. Ramzan Nazar

Farmer, Limber

Mr. Gh. Qadir Lone

Farmer, Limber

Mr. Syed Rafiq Hussain

Sarpanch, Noorkah

36-59.

Isham Farmers Group (24 Rrespondents)

60-80.

Limber Farmers Group (21 Respondents)

81-95.

Noorkhah Farmers Groups (15 Respondents)

96-110.

Chandanwari Women Group (15 Respondents)

I- INTRODUCTION

Uri is one of the Tehsils of district Baramulla spread over an area of 25192 hectares with a population of 104159 persons which comprises of 54989 males and 49170 females. It lies in the North-Western parts of district Baramulla at 73o 59’ 18.26 E and divided in two administrative blocks viz: Uri and Boniyar having 33 Panchayat halquas with a number of 90 villages. The Tehsil is well demarcated in sub tropical and temperate agro-climatic zones, where summer temperature average goes up to 360 C and occasionally falls below 00 C in sub-tropical areas. It is surrounded by lofty mountains with deep ravines, terraced land and is one of the boarder Tehsil near LOC. The river Jehlum is flowing through the area and is the major source of Hydroelectric Power production of the J&K State. The population is mostly settled on mountain terrains and scattered in small Hamlets with low population density and poor road connectivity. Altitude of the area varies from 1100 meters to 2200 meters. Farmers are having small size of land holdings on these terraces.

The farming in the area is dominated by growing of crops like maize, paddy, wheat, oats, pulses (mostly rajmash), both as irrigated and rain fed. Among the vegetables both Rabi and kharief vegetables are grown in the small kitchen gardens for the domestic purposes only. However, growing of field peas and potato in some of the villages for commercial purposes have developed keen interest among some farmers based on their rich experiences. Generally, in higher altitude belts mono cropping and at lower belts double cropping is in practice at many places. High altitude hills are covered with Pine and Deodar trees and at foothills there is a scanty vegetation of trees like pear, walnut, peach, apple, olive, lemon, and wild apricot etc. The fruit trees are scattered and as such hardly any orchard can be seen in the area. Further, they are with out any layout and are mismanaged. The number of fruit trees (local cultivars/ wild) varied from 8-10 trees per house hold. Naturally tall walnut trees and uncared pear trees are seen in good numbers in the area and on interaction people report meager yields.

Livestock population consists of keeping of 1-2 cattle (local/ cross bred cows, bulls, buffaloes). Sheep, goat and poultry are also reared at domestic level with the indigenous breed and methods. The reported sheep and goat population is 81940 and 27390 respectively and mostly does not exceed 3-4 numbers per household. Cross breeding exists up to some extent in sheep only. Indigenous poultry birds few in number for domestic purposes is a common practice with some of the farm families. Traditional method of bee keeping is still in practice in some village hamlets.

Generally, the people are economically backward and the situation becomes further aggravated due to low productivity, unemployment / underemployment, lack of communication and basic facilities such as education and health. Majority of the people suffer from malnutrition and under nutrition and the worst hit group is children and women. Most of the aged women are illiterate and are suffering from orthopedic problem to a large extent. Further, the mothers were not equipped with health related information such as proper timely immunization schedule for their children.

II-METHODOLOGY

The reorganization process of extension system has lead to the establishment of three ATMAs (agricultural technology and management agencies) in three districts and a SAMETI (State agriculture management extension training institute) in Jammu & Kashmir. The Director Extension Education SKAUST-K is also looking after as Director SAMETI. In order to prepare SREP for the agro-climatic zones of the valley, training programmes and conducting of PRA has now been a regular feature of the SAMETI activities. It is in this connection that Director SAMETI instructed to prepare a Strategic Research and Extension Plan (SREP) through PRA techniques by deputing multidisciplinary team of experts /scientists of SKUAST-K to Uri tehsil of district Baramulla from 16th to 21st of July 2007. The team comprised of scientists/ experts from Extension Education, Agronomy, Pomology, Soil Science, Floriculture, Home Science, Plant protection and Olericulture.

The team along with KVK Programme Coordinator, Baramulla proceeded to Uri on 16th July 2007 from Shalimar Campus and on reaching Uri started working on the assignment.

1. Rapport Building

In order to have a brief idea about the climatic conditions, natural resources, ecology, needs of farming community and opportunities etc. prior to make a plan of PRA the team first of all visited to the office of SDAO, Uri of Development Department.

An interaction meeting was arranged with the officers and field functionaries of development departments, NGOs, scientists and farmers of the locality and gathered some important information on the above aspects. This interaction meeting was also helpful in deciding the representative villages for PRA according to the agro-ecological situations. In each representative village group of farmers of different ages were gathered in the schools / central places of the villages and they were taken in to confidence through informal discussions. Some ideas were exchanged and slowly the discussion was diverted towards the farming allied issues. The groups were convinced and readily shared the required information.

2. Conducting of PRA

For the purpose of SREP, the Tehsil was divided in to three agro –ecological situations (AES) mainly on the basis of altitude because tehsil. Uri comprises of prominent high and low altitude belts with entirely different cropping pattern.

The various AESs as identified are given below.

S.No.

Name

Situation

Representative village

Altitude

AES-1

Sub-tropical

Isham

1300m amsl

AES-2

Temperate

Limber

1800m amsl

AES-3

Sub-temperate

Noorkhah

1420m amsl

3. Transect Walk

After the selection of three representative villages the team along with the villagers had a transect walk of each village to acquaint themselves with the village resources and its boundaries.

4. Mapping

Some of the farmers were requested to draw map of the each village using the materials like drawing sheets, pencils, erasers, etc. provided by the resource personnel. While others were encouraged to make correction where ever they felt the need. Through his exercise the team achieved the social and resource mapping of the village.

5. Wealth ranking

Wealth ranking was done by direct and indirect questioning of the farmers on the basis of gross income /month / household without hurting their sentiments and accordingly two income groups i.e. resource rich and resource poor were identified in each village. The number of lower income groups /resource poor with an income up to Rs 2000/month is the basis of consideration.

6. Existing farming system

To know the existing farming systems, different farming enterprises with their contribution and combination being followed were critically analyzed and identified. The farming systems differ according to agro–ecological situations.

7. Gap Analysis

Gap analysis was done on the basis of recommended farming situation based extension. The recommended practice was compared with the existing practice and extent of gap evaluated. The specific reasons for the gap were enquired and the farmers were encouraged to propose strategies for filling the gaps. On the basis of above findings SREP has been formulated for the representative village.

III - GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE REPRESENTATIVE

VILLAGES AND THEIR SREP

Isham Village

Resource (Income groups)

S.No

Income group (Rupees/Month)

No of Families

Percentage

Up to 8000

113

62.78

8001-12000

25.00

More than 12000

12.22

Total

180

100 %

Wealth Ranking

S.No

Category

No of Families

Percentage

Resource poor

106

58.89

Resource Rich

41.11

Total

180

100.00

Existing Farming Enterprise

S.No

Enterprise

No. of households

Percentage

Agriculture

159

88.5

Horticulture

125

69.5

Animal Husbandry

122

68.0

Sheep Husbandry

30.0

Poultry Keeping

104

58.0

Existing Farming System

S.No

Existing Farming system

No. of households

Percentage

Agriculture + Horticulture+ Animal Husbandry

52.0

Agriculture + Horticulture+ Poultry Keeping

30.0

Agriculture + Horticulture+ Sheep Husbandry

18.0

Total

180

100.0

Contribution of different enterprises (%)

Enterprise-wise gaps in adoption and proposed extension strategies of the selected villages

AES-1 Village- Isham, Altitude- 1300m amsl, Tehsil- Uri,

A) Agriculture

S. No.

Item of package

Recommended Practices

Existing practices

Gap in adoption

Specific reason for gap

Farmers proposed extension strategies

Paddy

seed rate

50-60kg/ha

100-120kg/ha

partial

-Risk coverage against availability of seed, water, weed and bird damage etc.

-Training cum demonstration on handling farmers own seeds, their treatment and use of inputs for taking healthy nursery.

ii.

variety

Shalimar rice-1, Jehlum K-39

Chinese variety K-39

Partial

-Non-availability of seed and technology of latest varieties

-Demonstration cum training on latest released rice varieties, laying of OFT’s on successful cultivation of Basmati rice

iii.

transplanting time and method

appropriate time is 25th may-10 June with 3-4 seedlings/ hill

First fortnight of June and planting 8-10 seedlings /hill

Partial

-For coverage of seasonal risks and get more plant population established in the field

-OFT on sowing dates for commencement of exact week/date for transplanting and number of plants

Fertilizer application (Urea,DAP,MOP)

Urea-10kg, DAP6.5kg, MOP1.7kg/ kanal

Urea5kg and DAP5kg/kanal

Partial

-Lack of awareness about the use of balanced dose of fertilizer.

-Not available at the right time

-Training cum demonstration on role and efficient use of fertilizer application.

Method of fertilizer application

Basal + Top doses

Using basal dose of the available fertilizers only

-do-

Insect/ pest problems

IPM

Nil

Full

-lack of awareness in IPM

-Facing the problem of grasshopper almost every year

Training courses to be organized for insect/ pest control especially with reference to grasshopper

vii

Disease problem

IDM

Nil

Full

-Not aware about seed treatment and control measures about any disease

-However, a good number of farmers reported occurrence of Blast in some fields

-Orientation training programmes with regard to disease complex of the crop

-Importance of seed treatment and method

-Application of chemicals to control disease

viii

Yield

3-4 quintal/ kanal

1.3-1.6quintal/kanal

Partial

Lack of general awareness, training and availability of inputs about recommended rice production technology of the state

Organizing awareness camps and training programmes

Maize

variety

Mansar, C-6, C-8

Local (Francece)

Full

-Unawareness

-Showing preferences for growing white maize for their food

Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes

Seed rate

1 kg /kanal for line sowing and 1.5kg/kanal for broadcast

4-5 kg/kanal through broadcast only

Partial

-To ensure good plant population

-More labour intensive

Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area

iii

Fertilizer

7 kg urea, 6.5 kg DAP, 2.5 kg MOP and 1 kg ZnSo4/kanal

Applying only urea @ 2 kg /kanal at knee high stage

Partial

Unawareness and non availability of the fertilizers

Training on use of fertilizers for growth and development of

Insect/pest /Diseases

Control of cut-worm ,maize stem-borer and sheath blight

Sowing more seed than the recommended seed rate

Full

Do not know about the type and use of chemicals

Training on management /control of insect /pest/diseases

Yield

2.5-3 q/kanal

1-1.2 q/kanal

Partial

Growing of local cultivars only and no pest control

Demonstration cum training on improved maize variety

Wheat

variety

HS 240

Local

Full

-Unawareness

Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes

Seed rate and method

5-6 kg/kanal in line sowing

8-10 kg/kanal through broadcast only

Partial

-To ensure good plant population

- Lack of quality seed

- No manual seed drill

Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation.

iii

Seed treatment

Carboxin @ 2g/kg of seed

Nil

Full

-Unawareness

Training cum demonstration on the Importance of seed treatment

Yield

30-40 q/ha

10-12 q/ha

partial

- Use of local seed

- Not popular crop but growing generally for fodder.

-Popularization of wheat as food crop and its fitness in the rice-wheat system. Demonstration should also be conducted on the system.

- Introduction of fodder crops (Oat, berseem etc.)

B) Horticulture

Pear, apricot, walnut low chill apple, olive and lemon are grown in the area. Pear and apricot, matures a month earlier than valley and fetch higher returns to the growers. Walnuts of the areas are not up to the mark due to higher temperature at maturity. Olive of best quality is grown in the area. Lemons are found growing in lower areas but are of poor quality.

Walnut

S. No

Packages

Recommended

Existing

Gap (%)

Reason for gap

Farmers proposed strategy

Variety

Hamdan, Sulaiman or better clonal selections

Seedling origin plants

100

Non availability of planting material and unawareness

To train some local unemployed youth to establish the nursery.

Spacing

8 x 8

No systematic planting of orchard

100

unawareness and undulated lands

Manure

20kg /Tree

Nil

unawareness

Fertilizer

Urea-3915g

DAP-1085g

MOP-2490g

nil

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Pest and disease management

Spray of insecticide and fungicides

Nil- but walnut weevil is the major problem.

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Irrigation

Required

Nil – though plenty of water is available.

unawareness

Need awareness programme

Pear

Variety

Bartlet, Max red Bartlet, Chinese sand pear,

Bartlet, William Bartlet

Lack of new introduction

Introduction of high yielding coloured varieties

Spacing

6 x 6

No systematic planting of orchard

100

unawareness and undulated lands

Manure

20 /Tree

Nil

unawareness

Fertilizer

Urea-1065g

DAP-650g

MOP-1500g

Nil

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Pest and disease management

Spray of insecticide and fungicides

Nil

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Irrigation

Required

Nil – though plenty of water is available.

unawareness

Need awareness programme

Apricot

Variety

Charmagz , Kaisa, Gilgiti sweet,Amba, Quetta, Sukerpara

Unidentified varieties

Lack of new introduction

Introduction of high yielding varieties

Spacing

6 x6

No systematic planting of orchard

100

unawareness and undulated lands

Manure

10 /Tree

Nil

unawareness

Fertilizer

Urea-850g

DAP-325g

MOP-11250g

Nil

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Pest and disease management

Spray of insecticide and fungicides

Nil

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Irrigation

Required

Nil – though plenty of water is available.

unawareness

Need awareness programme

Olive

Variety

Leccino, Coratina, Pendolino

Frontoio

Ramya, Nikitshaya

Leccino, Coratina, Pendolino

Frontoio

Lack of lack of high oil yielding varieties like Ramya, Nikitshaya

Introduction of high oil yielding varieties

Spacing

6 x6

No systematic planting of orchard

100

unawareness and undulated lands

Manure

20 /Tree

Nil

unawareness

Fertilizer

1.2kgN

0.80kgP2O5

0.40 k2O

Applying only N in form of Urea

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Pest and disease management

Spray of insecticide and fungicides

Nil

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Irrigation

Required

Nil – though plenty of water is available.

unawareness

Need awareness programme

There is a large wild vegetation of Indian olive (Olea cuspidata) which may be rejuvenated through top working of high yielding varieties. Lemons are growing in lower areas are of poor quality and there is a good chance for introduction of kinnow in the area for economic production. Allison and Abbott varieties of kiwifruit and day neutral straw berry can also be introduced for crop diversification.

C) Vegetables

S.No

Packages

Recommended

Existing

Gap

Reason for gap

Farmers proposed strategy

Kharief Vegetables

Kharif vegetables and varieties

Cole crops, cucurbits, Solaneaceous and beans etc.

with different high yielding varieties.

growing only few selected vegetables like kale, cucumber, bottle gourd, chillies brinjal tomato and potatoes using local seeds

Partial

- Unawareness about growing of vegetables using modern technologies

- Lack of improved / high yielding varieties of vegetable seed

Creating awareness by organizing camps and training programmes on Kharif vegetables

Nursery raising of vegetables

Open, Hot bed and polyhouse technologies

Growing nursery in open beds.

Partial

- Unawareness and lack of knowledge about other methods

Organizing of training programmes for vegetable nursery management

Level of Cultivation

Domestic and commercial

Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards

Partial

- Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value

Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home.

Plant protection

Seed treatment and IPM

Not undertaking any plant protection measure and face problems of cut worms, borers and wilt in chillies.

Full

- Lack of knowledge and method of controlling the vegetable disease and pests

Training cum demonstration on IPM in vegetables

Use of FYM and Fertilizers

Use of sufficient quantity of well decomposed FYM and balanced dose of fertilizers

Using only FYM and a little quantity of urea

partial

- Lack of knowledge and non availability of in puts.

Organizing a training programme on Integrated Nutrient Management in vegetales

Rabi Vegetables

Rabi vegetables and varieties

Root, leafy, bulbs and tuber vegetables

Growing only selected vegetables like Kale, turnip and radish

Partial

- Generally unaware about the Rabi vegetables and root vegetables not growing well

Awareness cum training programme on cultivation of Rabi vegetables

Level of cultivation

Domestic and commercial

Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards

Partial

- Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value

Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home.

Post Harvest

Various post harvest technologies for vegetables

Following only natural sun drying methods in some vegetables

Partial

- Lack of knowledge about various post harvest technologies

Training programmes related to post harvest technologies may be organized.

D) Livestock (Cattle, sheep, goat and poultry)

S.No

Item

Recommended

Existing

Gap

Reason for gap

Farmers proposed strategy

Breed

1. Cattle

2. Sheep & Goat

cross-bred

Local and cross-bred

Partial

- Lack of AI facilities and repeated heat in most of the animals

Lack of breeding rams

Intensification of cross-bred programme

Training programme on organizing viable sheep and goat units

Feed

Fodder and concentrate ration

Mostly Fodder

Partial

unawareness about the feeding schedule

-Training on feeding schedule of animals

Health

Regular dosing and vaccination

Nil

Full

Lack of knowledge about animal diseases and their control

Training programme on Management of prominent diseases like FMD in cattle, foot rot and skin problems in sheep.

Milk yield

10-15 litres/day/cow

3-5 litres/day/cow

Partial

local breed and management

Awareness camp on Scientific animal rearing for higher yields and returns.

Poultry

1. Breed

2. Feed

3. Health

4. General Management

Broilar (COBB), Vanraja

Recommended balanced concentrate ration as per age and type

Regular dosing and vaccination

Recommended scientific practices

Local

Mostly feeding on household wastes

Nil

Practicing indigenous methods (Backyard poultry)

Full

Partial

Unawareness and Non-availability of germplasm

Lack of knowledge about balanced feeding and their preparation

Lack of knowledge about poultry diseases and their control

Commercial poultry units are costly and risky

Introduction of new breeds like Vanraja etc.

Training programme on Poultry feeds and feeding schedule

Training programme on Management of prominent diseases like ranikhet and cocidiosis etc.

Popularizing poultry through establishment of demonstration units.

E) Home science

The survey data analysis reveals some useful results relating to the sex-wise demographic statistics, socio-economic conditions, source of income, occupational status, educational literacy, health conditions, living standards, agricultural status, horticultural practices, veterinary services, etc.

Health status of women and the facilities available

The women during house-to-house survey expressed that they cannot avail health facilities in the area and have to cover a long distance at the time of emergency, either to Baramulla or to Srinagar. Further, it was observed that the women above 30 years of age were mainly illiterate and only a small no of them were able to write their names. The women were not equipped with any health related information, even they were not aware of he proper immunization schedule for their children. No professional help was available in the area for facilitating deliveries of the pregnant women. They were also unaware of the birth control measures and the importance of balanced diet during pregnancy and lactation. The women above 45 years of age were suffering from bone and joint pain largely. However, anemia and malnutrition was common among the adolescent girls. Besides, some women also complained of the stomach problems. The percentage of commonly found diseases among the different age groups of the women in Isham village is given as.

Health status of women in Isham (percentage of disorders found)

S.No

Health condition

Females(age-group)

5-20 years

20-35 years

Above 35

Normal Health

Malnutrition and anemia

Orthopedic Problem

Stomach Problem

Health Status and Medical Facilities Availed by Pregnant women

The survey data reveals that only 15-20 %of pregnant women seek medical checkup from district hospitals, located at a long distance from the area. The 24-hour food recall method was also used to know about the nutritional intake of the women and it was found the food intake of these women was too low than the recommended allowances for the condition., thus leading to various disorders among them. An analysis of the data revealed that the pregnant and lactating women were malnourished, anemic and were suffering from the various diseases due imbalanced diets

Analysis of the main nutrient intake of the lactating mothers

(Adult-moderate worker)

S.No

For lactating mothers

K.cal

Proteins(gms)

Calcium(mg)

Recommended allowances/day

2725

1000

Nutrient intake /day

1945

685

Gap found/day

-780

-27

-315

The data analysis shows that the diet taken every day by a pregnant woman is less in essential nutrients i.e.780 K.calories from carbohydrates and fats, 27 grams of proteins and 315 mg Calcium. Which in turn has resulted in the occurrence of various deficiencies among them and the incidences of anemia and malnutrition are increasing day by day in the area. These depleted intakes were found to be because of poor selection of foodstuffs on daily routine basis and the improper methods of cooking used.

Schooling Facilities

The area has one Govt. high school constructed by air force-India and has a primary school. All of the 24 families visited, used to send their children irrespective of sex to the school. However, it was found that the girls usually discontinue their studies after the Matric due to unavailability of the higher secondary school in the area and families do not prefer to send their wards to the far off places for the further studies. Besides, a private school was also present in the area. People also complained that they are not getting the private tuition facilities for their children.

Limber Village

The limber village of Boniyar block is one of the representative villages for temperate agro-eco situation of the region at an altitude of 1800 meters. The village is spread over an area of 394 ha of land and 170 ha are under different crops out of which only 86 ha have the irrigation facility. The major source of irrigation is Limber Nala flowing through the village, otherwise the remaining crops and area is rain fed. Due to difficult terrain and lack of irrigation facilities mono-cropping is mostly followed. Mostly Maize is grown as major food crop and paddy is rarely grown. The village comprises of Thirteen Patties (Hamlets) seven upper (choolan, saranwala, bela, babagale, brren/gujjar, budrali, langer) and six (haran, shahkoot, jamia masjid, kharhar, jungri, suchin) in lower parts of the Limber. The number of households is 480 with a total population of 3277 persons comprising of 1830 males and 1447 females. 835 persons have been categorized as schedule tribes. The family size ranges from 4-12 members per household.

Resource (Income groups)

S. No

Income group (Rupees/Month)

No of Families

Percentage

Up to 8000

411

85.63

8001-12000

4.79

More than 12000

9.58

Total

480

100 .00

Wealth Ranking

S.No

Category

No of Families

Percentage

Resource poor

398

82.92

Resource Rich

17.08

Total

480

100 .00

Existing Farming Enterprise

S. No

Enterprise

No. of households

Percentage

Agriculture

412

85.83

Horticulture

18.96

Animal Husbandry

137

28.54

Sheep Husbandry

13.13

Goat Rearing

18.96

Poultry Keeping

274

57.08

Bee Keeping

9.58

Mushroom

10.00

Existing Farming System

S. No

Existing Farming system

No. of households

Percentage

Agriculture +Animal Husbandry+

Sheep Husbandry/ Goat Rearing

423

88.1

Agriculture + Horticulture +

Poultry Keeping

11.9

Total

480

100%

Contribution of different enterprises (%)

AES-2 Village- Limber, Altitude- 1800m amsl, Tehsil- Uri,

S. No

Item of package

Recommended Practices

Existing practices

Gap in adoption

Specific reason for gap

Farmers proposed extension strategies

A) Agriculture

Maize

variety

C-15

Local (Double & Tramen)

Full

-Unawareness

-Showing preferences for growing white maize for their food

Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes

Seed rate

1 kg /kanal for line sowing and 1.5kg/kanal for broadcast

5-6 kg/kanal through broadcast only

Partial

-To ensure good plant population

-More labour intensive

Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area

iii

Fertilizer

7 kg urea, 6.5 kg DAP, 2.5 kg MOP and 1 kg ZnSo4/kanal

Applying only urea @ 3 kg /kanal at knee high stage and DAP @ 1kg/kanal as basal

Partial

Unawareness and non availability of the fertilizers

Training on use of fertilizers for growth and development of

Insect/ pest / Diseases

Control of cut-worm ,maize stem-borer and sheath blight

Sowing more seed than the recommended seed rate

Full

Do not know about the type and use of chemicals

Training on management /control of insect /pest/diseases

Yield

2.5-3 q/kanal

2-2.2 q/kanal under irrigated and 0.7-1.0 q/kanal under unirrigated

Partial

Growing of local cultivars only and no pest control, Damage by bear and monkeys

Demonstration cum training on improved maize variety

Rajmash

variety

Bountiful, Master, Kentucky wonder

Local (lal choti and safed)

Full

-Unawareness

Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes

Seed rate

Bush type- 4-5kg, pole type- 1.2-1.5 kg/kanal in line sowing

250g/ kanal in intercrop and 1kg/kanal for sole crop through broadcasting

Partial

-More labour intensive

-Unawareness

Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area

B) Horticulture

Only walnut is grown in these areas and have good quality due to lower temperature at time of maturity and play major role in the economy of the farmer of these areas. Though apple and pear can grow successfully but there may be the marketing problem due to poor transportation facilities.

S.No

Packages

Recommended

Existing

Gap (%)

Reason for gap

Farmers proposed strategy

Walnut

Variety

Hamdan, Sulaiman or better clonal selections

Seedling origin plants

100

Non availability of planting material and unawareness

To train some local unemployed youth to establish the nursery.

Spacing

8 x8

No systematic planting of orchard

100

unawareness and undulated lands

Manure

20kg /Tree

Nil

unawareness

Fertilizer

Urea-3915g

DAP-1085g

MOP-2490g

Nil

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Pest and disease management

Spray of insecticide and fungicides

Nil- but walnut weevil is the major problem.

unawareness

Needs awareness programme

Irrigation

Required

Nil – though plenty of water is available.

unawareness

Need awareness programme

C) Vegetables

S.No

Packages

Recommended

Existing

Gap

Reason for gap

Farmers proposed strategy

Kharief Vegetables

Kharif vegetables and varieties

Cole crops, cucurbits, Solaneaceous and beans etc.

with different high yielding varieties.

growing only few selected vegetables like kale, cucumber, bottle gourd, chillies brinjal tomato and potatoes using local seeds

Partial

- Unawareness about growing of vegetables using modern technologies

- Lack of improved / high yielding varieties of vegetable seed

Creating awareness by organizing camps and training programmes on Kharif vegetables

Nursery raising of vegetables

Open, Hot bed and polyhouse technologies

Growing nursery in open beds.

Partial

- Unawareness and lack of knowledge about other methods

Organizing of training programmes for vegetable nursery management

Level of Cultivation

Domestic and commercial

Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards

Partial

- Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value

Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home.

Plant protection

Seed treatment and IPM

Not undertaking any plant protection measure and face problems of cut worms, borers and wilt in chillies.

Full

- Lack of knowledge and method of controlling the vegetable disease and pests

Training cum demonstration on IPM in vegetables

Use of FYM and Fertilizers

Use of sufficient quantity of well decomposed FYM and balanced dose of fertilizers

Using only FYM and a little quantity of urea

partial

- Lack of knowledge and non availability of in puts.

Organizing a training programme on Integrated Nutrient Management in vegetales

Rabi Vegetables

Rabi vegetables and varieties

Root, leafy, bulbs and tuber vegetables

Growing only selected vegetables like Kale, turnip and radish

Partial

- Generally unaware about the Rabi vegetables and root vegetables not growing well

Awareness cum training programme on cultivation of Rabi vegetables

Level of cultivation

Domestic and commercial

Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards

Partial

- Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value

- Seed production of potato can be practiced

Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home.

Diversification through commercial seed production can be demonstrated on potato.

Post Harvest

Various post harvest technologies for vegetables

Following only natural sun drying methods in some vegetables

Partial

- Lack of knowledge about various post harvest technologies

Training programmes related to post harvest technologies may be organized.

D) Home science

Health status of women and facilities available

The health standard of the population as a whole was not satisfactory and the women and children were most affected due to various disorders and deficiencies. The women were not equipped with any health related information, even they were not aware of the proper immunization schedule for their children. There was a primary health center but no professional help was available in the area for facilitating deliveries of the pregnant women and they have to go to the distant places for the emergency medical supervision. Besides, the nutritional awareness among the women was also weak. They had no knowledge regarding the selection of the nutritionally high value foodstuffs in different physiological conditions. Further, the cooking practices used by them were also false which had resulted in the loss of the essential nutrients. The deficiencies commonly found among the women of the Limber are anemia, malnutrition and arthritis. They need complete awareness regarding the importance of balanced diet in both normal and other conditions as the health standard was deteriorating day by day in the area.

Educational status

The area had one high school, one middle school and few primary schools. They also had a facility of mobile schools in the area .The total literacy rate was 60% and no gender bias was observed among the families for providing education to their children. However, again here the same problem of dropout among the girls was found after the middle or the Matric due to non availability of the provisions for the higher studies.

Noorkah Village

The village Noorkah of Boniyar block is one of the representative villages for sub-temperate agro-eco-situation of Uri region and was used for conducting PRA. The village is situated at an altitude of 1420m amsl on the foot hill of mountainous range and is opposite side of village Chandenwari on the Uri-Baramulla National highway. The river Jhelum separates the two villages. The village is spread over an area of 65 hectares and irrigated through Nilossa- Noorkah and Noorkah general koul. Most of the cropped area is irrigated and facilitate double cropping. Major Kharif crops are rice and maize whereas in Rabi season wheat, oats, Sarson and berseem are grown. The area is having a high potential for vegetable cultivation. Pear and walnut are the main fruits of the area. The village comprises of four patties (hamlets) namely Khurmjar, Sadat mohalla, Khan mohalla and Ahnger mohalla. The total numbers of households are 300 with a population of 2450 persons comprising of 1300 males and 1150 females. The family size ranges from 4 – 12 members, however in few of the households the strength of family members exceeded than 12 members.

a long list enclosed at the top ghulam mohyuddin wani,majeed tantray,rehana khanth ,g m mir,and others enlisted in each section

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