gangs in England are active in several cities, most notably in the larger cities such as London, Manchester, Birmingham and more recently in areas of Bradford and Liverpool. Three quarters of gang related crime particularly gun crime is centered around London, Birmingham, and Manchester however. There has also been media coverage in previous years of gangs active in Leeds, Bristol and Nottingham although to a far lesser extent than the other major cities. The three aforementioned cities featured in a number of sensationalist articles in the earlier part of this decade when stories of turf wars and gang feuds frequented in national and local newspapers. Bristol, Leeds,and Nottingham have since received lots of national media attention for their role in British gang involvement. However, police in Leeds reported that there was no such problem anymore and Nottingham has seen large decreases in gun crime despite the media still referring to the city as "Shottingham". The more violent gangs are reported to be taking strongholds in smaller towns and cities such as Keighley (outside of Bradford) in West Yorkshire.
Many researchers have rejected the existence of gangs in the UK because they do not fit the stereotypes of American gangs. However, Klein (2001, 2004, 2005) suggests that many American gangs also do not fit these stereotypes. In 2001 a book entitled the Eurogang Paradox was published. Klein (2001) who coined the term did so in response to this denial of street gangs in Europe.
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